As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 15, 2019.

This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and all information herein remains strictly confidential.

Registration Statement No. 333-        

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

C1, 4th Floor, Building 1, Financial Base, No. 8 Kefa Road

Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China 518057

86-0755-86667996

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Puglisi & Associates

850 Library Avenue, Suite 204

Newark, DE 19711

302-738-6680

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies of all communications, including communications sent to agent for service, should be sent to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, check the following box. x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Emerging growth company x

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ¨

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion, DATED            , 2019

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Ordinary Shares

CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited 

We are offering      ordinary shares. This is the initial public offering of ordinary shares of CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited. The offering price of our ordinary shares in this offering is expected to be between $       and $       per share. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares.

We intend to apply to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CDTG.” There is no assurance that such application will be approved, and if our application is not approved, this offering may not be completed.

Investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our ordinary shares in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 9 of this prospectus.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer” for additional information.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

(1) We have agreed to issue, on the closing date of this offering, warrants, or the representative’s warrants, to the representative of the underwriters, ViewTrade Securities, Inc., in an amount equal to 10% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold by us in this offering, excluding any shares issued pursuant to exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option. For a description of other terms of the representative’s warrants and a description of the other compensation to be received by the underwriters, see “Underwriting” beginning on page 78.

We expect our total cash expenses for this offering (including cash expenses payable to our underwriters for their out-of-pocket expenses) to be approximately $       , exclusive of the above discounts. In addition, we will pay additional items of value in connection with this offering that are viewed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, as underwriting compensation. These payments will further reduce proceeds available to us before expenses. See “Underwriting.”

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the shares if any such shares are taken. We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 45 days after the closing of this offering to purchase up to 15% of the total number of our ordinary shares to be offered by us pursuant to this offering (excluding shares subject to this option), solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts. If the underwriters exercise the option in full, the total underwriting discounts payable will be $         based on an assumed initial public offering price of $        per ordinary share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and the total gross proceeds to us, before underwriting discounts and expenses, will be $       . If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us on the closing date. We will not be able to use such proceeds in China, however, until we complete capital contribution procedures which require prior approval from each of the respective local counterparts of China’s Ministry of Commerce, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. See remittance procedures in the section titled “Use of Proceeds” beginning on page 27.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ordinary shares against payment as set forth under “Underwriting”, on or about     , 2019.

VIEWTRADE SECURITIES, INC.

The date of this prospectus is      , 2019.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriters take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell our ordinary shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or the sale of any ordinary shares.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned by non-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, we currently qualify for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Until and including       , 2019 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade our ordinary shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS PROSPECTUS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to the terms the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries.

“PRC” or “China” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this prospectus, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. “RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China. “HKD” or “HK$” refers to the legal currency of Hong Kong. “$” or “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option and no exercise of the representative’s warrants.

Our functional currency is RMB. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. We use U.S. dollars as the reporting currency in our consolidated financial statements and in this prospectus. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the unified exchange rates as quoted by the People’s Bank of China as of the balance sheet dates, the statements of income are translated using the average rate of exchange in effect during the reporting periods, and the equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

With respect to amounts not recorded in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, unless otherwise stated, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars were made at RMB 6.8650 to $1.00, the noon buying rate on June 30, 2019, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that the RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

In October 2019, our shareholders resolved to create an additional 50,000,000 of authorized ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001, or the Increase in Share Capital. Following the Increase in Share Capital, we issued 23,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001, or the USD Shares Issued, to our existing shareholders as fully paid shares at par value. Following the USD Shares Issued, we repurchased and cancelled 900,000 of the then outstanding ordinary shares with a par value of HK$0.01 issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2019 from our existing shareholders and cancelled 38,000,000 of the authorized ordinary shares with a par value of HK$ 0.01. As a result, as of the date of this prospectus, our authorized ordinary share capital is $50,000 divided into 50,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001 each and there are 23,000,000 issued and outstanding ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001 each.

We considered the above transactions to be a 25.56-for-1 share split of our ordinary shares and deemed the cancellation of 900,000 original ordinary shares with par value of HK$ 0.01 and the new issuance of 23,000,000 ordinary shares with par value of $0.001 to our existing shareholders to be part of our recapitalization prior to completion of this offering. We believe it is appropriate to reflect the above transactions on a retroactive basis similar to a stock split or dividend pursuant to ASC 260. All shares and per share amounts used herein and in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein have been retroactively restated to reflect the share split, unless otherwise indicated.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a limited operating history. There is no assurance that our future operations will result in profitable revenues. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues to operate profitably, we may suspend or cease operations.

Given our limited operating history, there can be no assurance that we can build our business such that we can earn a significant profit or any profit at all. The future of our business will depend upon our ability to obtain and retain customers and when needed, obtain sufficient financing and support from creditors, while we strive to achieve and maintain profitable operations. The likelihood of success must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays encountered in connection with the operations that we undertake. There is no history upon which to base any assumption that our business will prove to be successful, and there is significant risk that we will not be able to generate the sales volumes and revenues necessary to achieve profitable operations. To the extent that we cannot achieve our plans and generate revenues which exceed expenses on a consistent basis, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects will be materially adversely affected.

Our management team has limited public company experience. We have never operated as a public company in the United States and several of our senior management positions are currently held by employees who have been with us for a short period of time. Our entire management team, as well as other company personnel, will need to devote substantial time to compliance, and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company. If we are unable to effectively comply with the regulations applicable to public companies or if we are unable to produce accurate and timely financial statements, which may result in material misstatements in our financial statements or possible restatement of financial results, our stock price may be materially adversely affected, and we may be unable to maintain compliance with the listing requirements of Nasdaq. Any such failures could also result in litigation or regulatory actions by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, loss of investor confidence, delisting of our securities, harm to our reputation and diversion of financial and management resources from the operation of our business, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Additionally, the failure of a key employee to perform in his or her current position could result in our inability to continue to grow our business or to implement our business strategy.

We operate in highly competitive markets and the size and resources of many of our competitors may allow them to compete more effectively than we can, preventing us from achieving profitability.

The markets we compete in are highly competitive. Competition may result in pricing pressures, reduced profit margins or lost market share, or a failure to grow our market share, any of which could substantially harm its business and results of operations. We compete for customers primarily on the basis of our brand name, price and the range of products and services that we offer. Across our business, we face competitors who are constantly seeking ideas which will appeal to customers and introducing new products that compete with our products. Many of our competitors have significant competitive advantages, including longer operating histories, larger and broader customer bases, less-costly production, more established relationships with a broader set of suppliers and customers, greater brand recognition and greater financial, research and development, marketing, distribution and other resources than we do. We cannot assure that we will be able to successfully compete against new or existing competitors. If we fail to maintain our reputation and competitiveness, customers demand for our products and projects could decline.

In addition to existing competitors, new participants with a popular product idea could gain access to customers and become a significant source of competition in a short period of time. These existing and new competitors may be able to respond more rapidly than us to changes in customer preferences. Our competitors’ products may achieve greater market acceptance than our products and potentially reduce demand for our products, lower our revenues and lower our profitability.  

Any decline in the availability or increase in the cost of raw materials could materially impact our earnings.

Our products and project installation operations depend heavily on the ready availability of various raw materials. The availability of raw materials may decline, and their prices may fluctuate greatly. If our suppliers are unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials on terms favorable to us, we may be unable to produce certain products. The inability to produce certain products or installation projects for customers could result in a decrease in profit and damage to our reputation. In the event our raw material costs increase, we may not be able to pass these higher costs on to our customers in full or at all.

Our revenue will decrease if the industries in which we and our customers operate experience a protracted slowdown.

We are subject to general changes in economic conditions impacting the economy. If the industries in which we and our customers operate do not grow or if there is a contraction in these industries, demand for our business will decrease. Demand for our business is typically affected by a number of overarching economic factors, including interest rates, environmental laws and regulations, the availability and magnitude of private and governmental investment in infrastructure projects and the health of the overall economy. If there is a decline in economic activity in China and the markets in which we operate or a protracted slowdown in industries upon which we rely for our sales, demand for our projects, products and our revenue will likewise decrease which would have a materially adverse effect on our business.

Our business depends in large part on the success of our vendors and outsourcers, and our brand and reputation may be harmed by actions taken by third parties that are outside of our control. In addition, any material failure, inadequacy, or interruption resulting from such vendors or outsourcers could harm our ability to effectively operate our business.

We rely on vendor and outsourcing relationships with third parties for services and systems including manufacturing and logistics. We outsource manufacturing of our integrated rural sewage treatment system primarily to three vendors in the Jiangsu and Fujian provinces. Any shortcoming of a vendor or an outsourcer, particularly an issue affecting the quality of these services or systems, may be attributed by customers to us, thus damaging our reputation and brand value, and potentially affecting our results of operations. In addition, problems with transitioning these services and systems to or operating failures with these vendors and outsourcers could cause delays in product sales, and reduce efficiency of our operations, and significant capital investments could be required to remediate the problem.

We primarily rely on a limited number of vendors, and the loss of any such vendor could harm our business.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, three vendors accounted for 32%, 22%, and 11%, respectively, of our total purchases, and three vendors accounted for 34%, 23% and 11%, respectively, of the total balance of our accounts payable. For the year ended December 31, 2018, four vendors accounted for 39%, 21%, 11% and 10%, respectively, of our total purchases, and three vendors accounted for 19%, 14% and 12%, respectively, of the total balance of our accounts payable. Any difficulty in replacing such vendors could negatively affect our performance. If we are prevented or delayed in obtaining products, or components for products, due to political, civil, labor or other factors beyond our control that affect our vendors, including natural disasters or pandemics, our operations may be substantially disrupted, potentially for a significant period of time. Such delays could significantly reduce our revenues and profitability and harm our business while alternative sources of supply are secured.

Our dependence on a limited number of customers could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

One or a few customers have in the past, and may in the future, represent a substantial portion of our total revenues in any one year or over a period of several years. For example, for the six months ended June 30, 2019, two customers accounted for 35% and 34%, respectively, of our total revenue, and three customers accounted for 21%, 13% and 10%, respectively, of the total balance of our accounts receivable. For the year ended December 31, 2018, three customers accounted for 36%, 16% and 11%, respectively, of our total revenues, and two customers accounted for 41% and 10%, respectively, of the total balance of our accounts receivable. Therefore, the loss of business from any one of such customers could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. In addition, a default or delay in payment on a significant scale by a customer could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We face substantial inventory risk, which if such risk is not addressed could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We must order materials for our products and projects and build inventory in advance of production. We typically acquire materials through a combination of purchase orders, supplier contracts and open orders, in each case based on projected demand.

As our markets are competitive and subject to technology and price changes, there is a risk that we will forecast incorrectly and order or produce incorrect amounts of products or not fully utilize purchase commitments. If we were unsuccessful in accurately quantifying appropriate levels of inventory, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

Any disruption in the supply chain of raw materials and our products could adversely impact our ability to produce and deliver products which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In order to optimize our product manufacturing, we must manage our supply chain for raw materials and delivery of our products. Supply chain fragmentation and local protectionism within China further complicates supply chain disruption risks. Local administrative bodies and physical infrastructure built to protect local interests may pose transportation challenges for raw material transportation as well as product delivery. In addition, profitability and volume could be negatively impacted by limitations inherent within the supply chain, including competitive, governmental, legal, natural disasters, and other events that could impact both supply and price. Any of these occurrences could cause significant disruptions to our supply chain, manufacturing capability and distribution system that could adversely impact our ability to produce and deliver products. If we were unsuccessful in maintaining efficient operation of our supply chain, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

Our return on investment in client projects may be different from our projections.

Our return on investment in client projects typically takes some time to materialize. At the initial stages of project investment and construction, the depreciation of newly added materials and fixed assets may negatively affect our operating results. In addition, the projects may be subject to changes in market conditions during the installation and implementation phases. Changes in industry policy, the progress of the projects, project management, raw materials supply, market conditions and other variables may affect the profitability and the time in which we profit on projects, which may be different from our initial forecast, thus affecting the actual return on investment of the projects.

Issues or defects with products may lead to product liability, personal injury or property damage claims, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, or regulatory actions by governmental authorities that could divert resources, affect business operations, decrease sales, increase costs, and put us at a competitive disadvantage, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition.

We may experience issues or defects with products that may lead to product liability, personal injury or property damage claims, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, or regulatory actions by governmental authorities. Any of these activities could result in increased governmental scrutiny, harm to our reputation, reduced demand by customers for our products, decreased willingness by our service providers to provide support for those products, absence or increased cost of insurance, or additional safety and testing requirements. Such results could divert development and management resources, adversely affect our business operations, decrease sales, increase legal fees and other costs, and put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to other companies not affected by similar issues with products, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our future growth depends in part on new products and new technology innovation, and failure to invent and innovate could adversely impact our business prospects.

Our future growth depends in part on maintaining our current products in new and existing markets, as well as our ability to develop new products and technologies to serve such markets. To the extent that competitors develop competitive products and technologies, or new products or technologies that achieve higher customer satisfaction, our business prospects could be adversely impacted. In addition, regulatory approvals for new products or technologies may be required, these approvals may not be obtained in a timely or cost effective manner, adversely impacting our business prospects.

Changes in demand for our products and business relationships with key customers and vendors may negatively affect operating results.

To achieve our objectives, we must develop and sell products that are subject to the demands of our customers. This is dependent on several factors, including managing and maintaining relationships with key customers, responding to the rapid pace of technological change and obsolescence, which may require increased investment by us or result in greater pressure to commercialize developments rapidly or at prices that may not fully recover the associated investment, and the effect on demand resulting from customers’ research and development, capital expenditure plans and capacity utilization. If we are unable to keep up with our customers’ demands, our sales, earnings and operating results may be negatively affected.

We may be unable to deliver our backlog on time, which could affect future sales and profitability and our relationships with customers

Our ability to meet customer delivery schedules for backlog is dependent on a number of factors including sufficient manufacturing capacity, adequate supply channel access to raw materials and other inventory required for production, an adequately trained and capable workforce, engineering expertise for certain projects and appropriate planning and scheduling of manufacturing resources. Failure to deliver in accordance with customer expectations could subject us to contract cancellations and financial penalties, and may result in damage to existing customer relationships and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the principal members of our executive team listed in the section entitled “Management” located elsewhere in this prospectus, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees for our business, including technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous companies for individuals with similar skill sets. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee could adversely affect our business.

We will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of September 30, 2019, we had 209 employees, of whom 204 were full-time employees, 5 were part-time employees and all were located in China. As our company matures, we expect to expand our employee base. In addition, we intend to grow by expanding our business, increasing market penetration of our existing products, developing new products and increasing our targeting of certain markets in China. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to develop and improve our existing administrative and operational systems and our financial and management controls and to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate, train, manage and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Future growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our existing or future product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Failure of beneficial owners of our shares who are PRC residents to comply with certain PRC foreign exchange regulations could restrict our ability to distribute profits, restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and subject us to liability under PRC law.

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, has promulgated regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, and its appendices. These regulations require PRC residents, including PRC institutions and individuals, to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle", or SPV. The term "control" under Circular 37 is broadly defined as the operation rights, beneficiary rights or decision-making rights acquired by the PRC residents in the offshore SPVs by such means as acquisition, trust, proxy, voting rights, repurchase, convertible bonds or other arrangements. Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the SPV, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a SPV fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that SPV may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the SPV may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Further, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for foreign exchange evasion.

These regulations apply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions or share transfers that we make in the future if our shares are issued to PRC residents. However, in practice, different local SAFE branches may have different views and procedures on the application and implementation of SAFE regulations, and there remains uncertainty with respect to its implementation. We cannot assure you that these direct or indirect shareholders of our company who are PRC residents will be able to successfully update the registration of their direct and indirect equity interest as required in the future. If they fail to update the registration, our PRC subsidiaries could be subject to fines and legal penalties, and SAFE could restrict our cross-border investment activities and our foreign exchange activities, including restricting our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain loans denominated in foreign currencies from, our company, or prevent us from contributing additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. If we fail to make contributions to various employee benefit plans and to comply with applicable PRC labor-related laws in the future, we may be subject to late payment penalties. We may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We do not have business insurance coverage. Any future business liability, disruption or litigation we experience might divert management focus from our business and could significantly impact our financial results.

Availability of business insurance products and coverage in China is limited, and most such products are expensive in relation to the coverage offered. We have determined that the risks of disruption, cost of such insurance and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurances on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to maintain such insurance. As a result, we do not have any business liability, disruption or litigation insurance coverage for our operations in China. Accordingly, a business disruption, litigation or natural disaster may result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from our business, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may require additional financing in the future and our operations could be curtailed if we are unable to obtain required additional financing when needed.

In addition to the proceeds to be raised in this offering, we may need to obtain additional debt or equity financing to fund future capital expenditures. While we do not anticipate seeking additional financing in the immediate future, any additional equity financing may result in dilution to the holders of our outstanding ordinary shares. Additional debt financing may impose affirmative and negative covenants that restrict our freedom to operate our business. We cannot guaranty that we will be able to raise proceeds in this offering or obtain additional financing on terms that are acceptable to us, or any financing at all, and the failure to obtain sufficient financing could adversely affect our business operations.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, and protect against third party claims that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The value of our business depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and information, including our patents, trade secrets, and rights under agreements with third parties, in China and around the world, as well as our customer, employee, and customer data. Third parties may try to challenge our ownership of our intellectual property in China and around the world. In addition, our business is subject to the risk of third parties counterfeiting our products or infringing on our intellectual property rights. The steps we have taken may not prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We may need to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. If we fail to protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, including with respect to any successful challenge to our ownership of intellectual property or material infringements of our intellectual property, this failure could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or if we are accused of infringing on the intellectual property rights of others, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining issued patents, and other intellectual property rights in China and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies or the goodwill we have acquired in the marketplace and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

We cannot provide any assurances that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our products, any additional features we develop for our products or any new products. Other parties may have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our system, may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. Our patent position may involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. Proceedings challenging our patents could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to commercialize our products. 

Though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors could purchase our products and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our patents, or develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees.

Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor's or potential competitor's product. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our products are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our products, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

We rely, in part, upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our products or affect our stock price. 

Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or violating the other proprietary rights of others. Significant litigation regarding patent rights occurs in our industry. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. We do not always conduct independent reviews of patents issued to third parties. In addition, patent applications in China and elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived, so there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. These applications may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. Third parties may, in the future, assert claims that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization, including claims from competitors or from non-practicing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. As we continue to commercialize our products in their current or updated forms, launch new products and enter new markets, we expect competitors may claim that one or more of our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent applications and issuances, the complexities of the technology involved, and the uncertainty of litigation may increase the risk of business resources and management's attention being diverted to patent litigation. We have, and we may in the future, receive letters or other threats or claims from third parties inviting us to take licenses under, or alleging that we infringe, their patents.

Moreover, we may become party to future adversarial proceedings regarding our patent portfolio or the patents of third parties. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings may be low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be initiated. Litigation and contested proceedings can also be expensive and time-consuming, and our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. We may also occasionally use these proceedings to challenge the patent rights of others. We cannot be certain that any particular challenge will be successful in limiting or eliminating the challenged patent rights of the third party.

Any lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business and harm our reputation. If we are found to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, we could be required to pay substantial damages (which may be increased up to three times of awarded damages) and/or substantial royalties and could be prevented from selling our products unless we obtain a license or are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to redesign our products in a way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. If we fail to obtain any required licenses or make any necessary changes to our products or technologies, we may have to withdraw existing products from the market or may be unable to commercialize one or more of our products.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed. 

In addition to patent protection, we also rely upon trade secret protection as well as non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, and may in the future rely on copyright and/or trademark protection, to protect our confidential and proprietary information. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our products that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Even though we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a matter of state law, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. Any infringement claims or lawsuits, even if not meritorious, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, divert management’s attention and resources, require us to redesign our products and services, if feasible, require us to pay royalties or enter into licensing agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies, and/or may materially disrupt the conduct of our business.

In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or third parties obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property or may lose our exclusive rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could harm our business and competitive position.

Third parties may assert that our employees or contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets, which could result in litigation.

We may employ individuals who previously worked with other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property or personal data, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims or settling those claims, in addition to paying monetary damages or a settlement payment, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Our computer systems and operations may be vulnerable to security breaches, which could adversely affect our business.

We believe the safety of our computer network and our secure transmission of information over the internet will be essential to our operations and our services. Our network and our computer infrastructure are potentially vulnerable to physical breaches or to the introduction of computer viruses, abuse of use and similar disruptive problems and security breaches that could cause loss (both economic and otherwise), interruptions, delays or loss of services to our users. It is possible that advances in computer capabilities or new technologies could result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect user transaction data. A party that is able to circumvent our security systems could misappropriate proprietary information, cause interruptions in our operations or utilize our network without authorization. Security breaches also could damage our reputation and expose us to a risk of loss, litigation and possible liability. We cannot guarantee you that our security measures will prevent security breaches. 

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we become subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed China-based companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matter which could harm our business operations, this offering and our reputation and could result in a loss of your investment in our ordinary shares, especially if such matter cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.

Recently, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered around financial and accounting irregularities, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in some cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed China-based companies has decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on us, our business and this offering. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. This situation may be a major distraction to our management. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, our business operations will be severely hindered and your investment in our ordinary shares could be rendered worthless.

Uncertainties with respect to China’s legal system could adversely affect us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in China and may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Political events, international trade disputes, and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers, service providers, and other partners. International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures that could adversely affect our business. Tariffs could increase the cost of the goods and products which could affect customers’ spending levels. In addition, political uncertainty surrounding international trade disputes and the potential of the escalation to trade war and global recession could have a negative effect on customer confidence, which could adversely affect our business. We may have also access to fewer business opportunities, and our operations may be negatively impacted as a result. In addition, the current and future actions or escalations by either the United States or China that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our markets, our business, or our results of operations, and we cannot provide any assurances as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.

We must remit the offering proceeds to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and we cannot assure that we can finish all necessary governmental registration processes in a timely manner.

The proceeds of this offering must be sent back to China, and the process for sending such proceeds back to China may take several months after the closing of this offering. In utilizing the proceeds of this offering in the manner described in “Use of Proceeds,” as an offshore holding company of our PRC subsidiaries, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any shareholder loan or additional capital contribution are subject to PRC regulations. For example, loans by us or making additional capital contribution to our subsidiaries in China, which are FIEs, to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits, while the shareholder loan must be also registered with the SAFE. The statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is the difference between the amount of total investment as approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company. 

To remit the proceeds of this offering, we must take the steps legally required under the PRC laws. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from this offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, our ability to fund and expand our business and our ordinary shares.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior employees reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC residents. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside mainland China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including for services of any debt we may incur. Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to its respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of our PRC subsidiaries as a FIE is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the approval of the MOFCOM or its local branches and registration with other governmental authorities in China. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches, and (b) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the statutory amount as approved by the MOFCOM or its local branches. Any medium-or long- term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiaries must be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration, our ability to use the proceeds of this offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. 

In 2008, SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142. SAFE Circular 142 regulates the conversion by FIEs of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. SAFE Circular 142 provides that any Renminbi capital converted from registered capitals in foreign currency of FIEs may only be used for purposes within the business scopes approved by PRC governmental authority and such Renminbi capital may not be used for equity investments within China unless otherwise permitted by PRC law. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi capital converted from registered capital in foreign currency of FIEs. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been utilized. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning the Pilot Reform in Certain Areas of the Administrative Method of the Conversion of Foreign Exchange Funds by Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 36, which launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of FIEs in 16 pilot areas. According to SAFE Circular 36, some of the restrictions under SAFE Circular 142 will not apply to the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of an ordinary FIE in the pilot areas, and such FIE is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC within and in accordance with the authorized business scope of such FIEs, subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in SAFE Circular 36. As this circular is relatively new, there remains uncertainty as to its interpretation and application and any other future foreign exchange related rules. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and superseded SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of this offering to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish consolidated variable interest entities in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China's foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to U.S. dollars would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms regardless of any underlying change in our business or results of operations. 

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited, and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure, or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Changes in China’s environmental laws and policies may affect our financial condition.

Our products and projects are mainly used in the fields of rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment in urban and rural areas. We believe our business is in line with China’s current focus on environmental protection policies, particularly the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, also known as the Water Ten Plan, and the 13th Five Year Plan (2016–2020). However, should China alter its environmental policies towards less regulation, we believe demand for our products could decrease, adversely impacting our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council in 2008, are triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC which became effective in 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, PRC national security review rules which became effective in September 2011 require acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC companies engaged in military related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition. We may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents' Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. 

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore SPVs will be required to register such investments with the SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of a SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of the SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of the SAFE.

We cannot assure you that all of our shareholders that may be subject to SAFE regulations have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37, and we cannot assure you that these individuals may continue to make required filings or updates on a timely manner, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with the SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign exchange-denominated loans from, our company or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Relating to Enterprise Income Tax on Transfers of Assets between Non-resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which was partially abolished on December 29, 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving transfer of taxable assets through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which was partially revised. SAT Bulletin 37 came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a "substance over form" principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes. 

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Additional factors outside of our control related to doing business in China could negatively affect our business.

Additional factors that could negatively affect our business include a potential significant revaluation of the Renminbi, which may result in an increase in the cost of producing products in China, labor shortages and increases in labor costs in China as well as difficulties in moving products manufactured in China out of the country, whether due to port congestion, labor disputes, slowdowns, product regulations and/or inspections or other factors. Prolonged disputes or slowdowns can negatively impact both the time and cost of transporting goods. Natural disasters or health pandemics impacting China can also have a significant negative impact on our business. Further, the imposition of trade sanctions or other regulations against products imported by us from, or the loss of “normal trade relations” status with, China, could significantly increase our cost of products exported outside of China and harm our business.

Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares and this Offering

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our operating results, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. 

In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as well as other control deficiencies. As defined in standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to (1) our lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and the SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting as well as the lack in formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (2) our lack of an audit committee and internal audit function to establish formal risk assessment process and internal control framework.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 will require that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our first required annual report for the prior fiscal year after completion of this offering. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Generally, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, and harm our results of operations. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

There has been no prior public market for our ordinary shares and an active trading market may never develop or be sustained.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares. An active trading market for our ordinary shares may never develop following completion of this offering or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of your shares and your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our ordinary shares and entering into strategic partnerships or acquiring other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our ordinary shares as consideration. In addition, if we fail to satisfy exchange listing standards, we could be delisted, which would have a negative effect on the price of our ordinary shares.

We expect that the price of our ordinary shares will fluctuate substantially and you may not be able to sell the shares you purchase in this offering at or above the initial public offering price.

The initial public offering price for our ordinary shares sold in this offering is determined by negotiation between the representative of the underwriters and us. This price may not reflect the market price of our ordinary shares following this offering. In addition, the market price of our ordinary shares is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:  

In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our ordinary shares shortly following this offering. If the market price of our ordinary shares after this offering does not ever exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management's attention and resources from our business.

If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our ordinary shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our ordinary shares could decline.

Assuming our ordinary shares are listed on Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the continued listing standards of Nasdaq in the future. If we fail to comply with the applicable listing standards and Nasdaq delists our ordinary shares, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

If you purchase our ordinary shares in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your shares.

Investors purchasing our ordinary shares in this offering will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share. As a result, investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $     per share, representing the difference between our assumed initial public offering price of $     per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) and our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2019. For more information on the dilution you may experience as a result of investing in this offering, see "Dilution."

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that these sales may occur, could result in a decrease in the market price of our ordinary shares. Immediately after this offering, we will have outstanding ordinary shares, based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2019, assuming no exercise of the underwriters' over-allotment option. This includes the shares that we are selling in this offering, which may be resold in the public market immediately without restriction, unless purchased by our affiliates or existing shareholders. Of that amount, shares are currently restricted as a result of securities laws and/or lock-up agreements, but will be able to be sold after the closing of this offering, subject to securities laws and/or lock-up agreements. If held by one of our affiliates, the resale of those securities will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale."

Our directors, officers and principal shareholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

As of the date of this prospectus, our directors, officers and principal shareholders holding 5% or more of our ordinary shares, collectively, control approximately 61% of our ordinary shares. After this offering, our directors, officers and principal shareholders holding 5% or more of our ordinary shares, collectively, will control approximately % of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, these shareholders, if they act together, will be able to control the management and affairs of our Company and most matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. The interests of these shareholders may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, these shareholders could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their ordinary shares as part of a sale of us or our assets, and might affect the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares due to investors' perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

We will have broad discretion in the use of proceeds of this offering designated for working capital and general corporate purposes.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital for rural sewage treatment, including to build our integrated equipment, implementation of new systems and services and potential mergers and acquisitions of subsidiaries, research and development, sales and marketing, and additional working capital and general corporate purposes, including increasing our liquidity. Within those categories, we have not determined the specific allocation of the net proceeds of this offering. Our management will have broad discretion over the use and investment of the net proceeds of this offering within those categories. Accordingly, investors in this offering have only limited information concerning management's specific intentions and will need to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of proceeds.

We expect to incur significant additional costs as a result of being a public company, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Upon completion of this offering, we expect to incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements that will become applicable to us as a public company, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the Exchange Act, as well as the rules of the Nasdaq. These rules and regulations are expected to significantly increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming. We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. Accordingly, increases in costs incurred as a result of becoming a publicly traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Upon the closing of this offering, we will become subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If a trading market for our ordinary shares develops, the trading market will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. As a newly public company, we may be slow to attract research coverage and the analysts who publish information about our ordinary shares will have had relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and result in the loss of all or a part of your investment in us.

The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, may be required in connection with this offering under PRC law.

The M&A Rules purport to require offshore SPVs that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain CSRC approval prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. In September 2006, the CSRC published a notice on its official website specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by a SPV seeking CSRC approval of its overseas listings. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and this offering may ultimately require approval from the CSRC. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

Our PRC legal counsel has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, we will not be required to submit an application to the CSRC for the approval of the listing and trading of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq because we established our PRC subsidiaries by means of direct investment and not through a merger or acquisition of the equity or assets of a "PRC domestic company" as such term is defined under the M&A Rules.

However, our PRC legal counsel has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering, and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal counsel, and hence we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ordinary shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before settlement and delivery of the ordinary shares offered hereby. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of the ordinary shares.

Recently introduced economic substance legislation of the Cayman Islands may impact us and our operations.

The Cayman Islands, together with several other non-European Union jurisdictions, has recently introduced legislation aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities which attract profits without real economic activity. With effect from January 1, 2019, the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Law, 2018, or the Substance Law, and issued Regulations and Guidance Notes came into force in the Cayman Islands introducing certain economic substance requirements for “relevant entities” which are engaged in certain “relevant activities,” which in the case of exempted companies incorporated before January 1, 2019, will apply in respect of financial years commencing July 1, 2019 and onwards. A “relevant entity” includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands; however, it does not include an entity that is tax resident outside the Cayman Islands. Accordingly, for so long as we are a tax resident outside the Cayman Islands, we are not required to satisfy the economic substance test. Although it is presently anticipated that the Substance Law will have little material impact on us and our operations, as the legislation is new and remains subject to further clarification and interpretation it is not currently possible to ascertain the precise impact of these legislative changes on us and our operations.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, will become effective and replace our current memorandum and articles of association in its entirety immediately prior to the completion of this offering. It is expected that our directors will have discretion under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practice with respect to any corporate governance matter. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We do not plan to "opt out" of such exemptions afforded to an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective data.

We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that permit less detailed and less frequent reporting than that of a U.S. domestic public company.

Upon the closing of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not know on a timely basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our ordinary shares. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers also are exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers.

If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq rules that allow us to follow our home country law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in our home country, the Cayman Islands, may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practice with respect to our corporate governance after we complete this offering. However, if we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of "passive" income; or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. Based on our current and expected income and assets (taking into account the expected cash proceeds and our anticipated market capitalization following this offering), we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, will agree with our conclusion or that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position. Fluctuations in the market price of our ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. If we were to be or become a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Taxation— Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences.”

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq rules. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange. 

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and opinions contained in this prospectus are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. Forward-looking statements include statements about:

You should refer to the section titled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties, as well estimates by our management based on such data. The market data and estimates used in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data and estimates. While we believe that the information from these industry publications, surveys and studies is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of           ordinary shares in this offering will be approximately $       after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $ per ordinary share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus). If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $        , after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $      , assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million in the number of ordinary shares we are offering would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $ , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees, and obtain additional capital. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

This expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and prevailing business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and prevailing business conditions evolve. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering and we reserve the right to change the use of proceeds that we presently anticipate and describe herein.

Pending any use described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing, debt instruments.

We have agreed with the underwriters in this offering to establish an escrow account in the United States and to fund such account with $600,000 from this offering that may be utilized by the underwriters to fund any bona fide indemnification claims of the underwriters arising during a 24 month period following the closing of this offering. The escrow account will be interest bearing, and we will be free to invest the assets in securities. All funds that are not subject to an indemnification claim will be returned to us after the applicable period expires.

The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow our business. The procedure to remit funds may take several months after completion of this offering, and we will be unable to use the offering proceeds in China until remittance is completed. See “Risk Factors” for further information.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid a dividend, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC, Hong Kong and British Virgin Islands regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC, Hong Kong and British Virgin Islands subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2019 on:

You should read this information together with our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information set forth under the sections titled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data,” “Exchange Rate Information,” “Use of Proceeds” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” 

*Giving retroactive effect to the 25.56-for-1 share split effected on October 15, 2019.

(1) Reflects the sale of ordinary shares in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $     per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Additional paid-in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We estimate that such net proceeds will be approximately $     .

(2) Non-controlling interest represents the portion of the net assets of CDT Cayman’s subsidiaries attributable to interests that are not owned by CDT Cayman.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $     per ordinary share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of total capitalization by $    , assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million in the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of total capitalization by $    , assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price per ordinary share as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

DILUTION

If you invest in our ordinary shares in this offering, your interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ordinary share in this offering and the net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per ordinary share. As of June 30, 2019, we had a historical net tangible book value of $     , or $     per ordinary share. Our net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities, all divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2019.

After giving effect to the sale of ordinary shares in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $      per ordinary share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at June 30, 2019 would have been $     , or $     per ordinary share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $      per ordinary share to existing investors and immediate dilution of $ per ordinary share to new investors. The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering:

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $     per ordinary share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2019 after this offering by approximately $     per ordinary share, and would increase (decrease) dilution to new investors by $     per ordinary share, assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million ordinary shares in the number of ordinary shares we are offering would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2019 after this offering by approximately $     per ordinary share, and would increase (decrease) dilution to new investors by approximately $     per ordinary share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price per ordinary share, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus remains the same, and after deducting the estimate underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering would be $     , the increase in net tangible book value per ordinary share to existing shareholders would be $     , and the immediate dilution in net tangible book value per ordinary share to new investors in this offering would be $     .

The table and discussion above is based on 23,000,000 ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2019.

To the extent that we issue additional ordinary shares in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors participating in this offering.

EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION

Our business is primarily conducted in China, and the financial records of our subsidiaries in China are maintained in RMB, their functional currency. However, we use the U.S. dollar as our reporting and functional currency; therefore, reports made to shareholders will include current period amounts translated into U.S. dollars using the then-current exchange rates, for the convenience of the readers. Our consolidated financial statements have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC Topic 830, “Foreign Currency Matters.” The financial information is first prepared in RMB and then is translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates as to assets and liabilities and average exchange rates as to statements of income. Equity accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the equity transactions occurred. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. We do not currently engage in currency hedging transactions.

With respect to amounts not recorded in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, unless otherwise stated, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars were made at RMB 6.8650 to $1.00, the noon buying rate on June 30, 2019, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that the RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Corporate History and Structure

CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, or CDT Cayman, is a holding company incorporated on November 28, 2016, under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We have no substantive operations other than holding all of the outstanding share capital of Chao Qiang Holdings Limited, or CQ BVI, established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on December 14, 2015, and all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology Group Limited, or CDT BVI, established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on June 26, 2015.

CQ BVI is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of Ultra Leader Investments Limited, or Ultra HK, which was established in Hong Kong on February 27, 2015. Ultra HK is a holding company holding 15% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen CDT, which was established on August 27, 2012 under the laws of the PRC.

CDT BVI is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology (Hong Kong) Limited, or CDT HK, which was established in Hong Kong on July 30, 2015. CDT HK is also a holding company holding 85% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. We, through Ultra HK and CDT HK, hold 100% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT.

We, through our subsidiaries, including Shenzhen CDT, engage in developing, producing, selling and installing sewage treatment systems and providing sewage treatment services.

The charts below summarize our corporate legal structure and identify our subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus and upon completion of this offering:

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following tables summarize our selected consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The summary consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the summary consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are derived from our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and audited in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), and included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and the summary consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2019 have been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The condensed financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal and recurring adjustments, that we consider necessary for a fair representation of our financial position and operating results for the periods presented. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. The following summary consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

(1) Non-controlling interest represents the portion of the net assets of CDT Cayman’s subsidiaries attributable to interests that are not owned by CDT Cayman.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a waste treatment company that generates revenue through design, development, manufacture, sales, installation, operation and maintenance of sewage treatment systems and by providing sewage treatment services. We primarily engage in two segments: rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment in both urban and rural areas. Our goal is to become one of the premier sewage treatment solution companies in China.

For rural sewage treatment, we sell and install our proprietary rural sewage treatment systems and provide on-going operation and maintenance services to our customers. For septic tank treatment, we provide on-site treatment services with our mobile and fixed septic tank treatment systems.

The core of our business is our proprietary systems and technology, together with our experience and expertise in waste treatment services, particularly in rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment. As of September 30, 2019, we had two invention patents and thirteen utility model patents. We also had five pending utility model patents. We are continually working to upgrade our quick separation technology and septic tank treatment systems through independent research and development and partnerships with third-party institutions to further develop our mobile septic tank treatment system.

We have grown rapidly since our inception. We generate revenues primarily from establishment and setup of sewage treatment systems installation with government and non-government contracts and providing sewage treatment services for sewage systems. Total revenues increased by approximately $2.4 million, or 44.1%, to approximately $7.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to approximately $5.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Total revenues increased by approximately $9.5 million, or 202.6%, to approximately $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to approximately $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Key Factors that Affect Operating Results

Our management has observed the trends and uncertainties of government efforts to control sewage waste discharge, which we believe may have a direct impact on our operations in the near future.

Our operating subsidiaries are incorporated, and our operations and assets are primarily located, in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are affected by China’s economic and regulatory conditions, which could be influenced by the following factors: (a) an economic downturn in China or any regional market in China; (b) economic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government; (c) changes in the Chinese or regional business or regulatory environment affecting our customers; and (d) changes in the Chinese government policy on sewage waste discharge. Unfavorable changes could affect demand for services that we provide and could materially and adversely affect the results of operations. Although we have generally benefited from China’s economic growth and the policies to encourage the improvement of reducing of sewage waste discharge, we are also affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the Chinese economic conditions and regulations governing the sewage industry.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018

Revenues

Our revenues are derived from sewage treatment systems and sewage treatment services for sewage systems. See “Revenue Recognition” for further information. Total revenues increased by approximately $2.4 million, or 44.1%, to approximately $7.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to approximately $5.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The overall increase was primarily attributable to the significant increase of our sewage treatment systems as well as the increase of sewage treatment services revenues.

Our revenues from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Sewage treatment systems revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment systems increased by approximately $2.1 million or 56.7% from approximately $3.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to approximately $5.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. Starting in November 2017, we added sewage treatment system installation as our new stream of revenue which focuses on a bigger scale of project base business model. As a result, revenue from sewage treatment systems significantly increased our revenue by 56.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2019. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, we had three projects which were completed in 2019 and we had four projects which were still in progress as of June 30, 2019 and are expected to be completed within the next twelve months. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, we had three projects which were in progress as of June 30, 2018 and two of them were completed by December 31, 2018. We expect our sewage treatment systems installation revenues will continue to grow in 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 since we have shifted our business focus from sewage treatment services to sewage treatment systems.

Sewage treatment services revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment services increased by approximately $0.2 million or 14.4% from approximately $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to approximately $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. This increase is a result of the professional of our business and skillful of our employees. When we changed our business strategies in 2018, our services revenues experienced a decrease during that period. As we gained more reputation with the quality of services that we were able to provide from our skillful employees in the industry, we have obtained more sewage treatment services contracts and service orders through recommendation from our existing clients in 2019. We expect our sewage treatment services revenues will remain consistent or slightly higher in fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018.

Cost of Revenues

Total cost of revenues increased by approximately $1.4 million, or 43.8%, to approximately $4.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to approximately $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in cost of revenues is a direct result of our increase of revenues.

Our cost of revenue from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems increased by approximately $1.0 million or 49.6 % from approximately $2.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to approximately $3.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The increase in cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems is in line with our increase of revenues from sewage treatment systems since we intend to maintain our gross margin percentage consistently with our customers.

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment services increased by approximately $0.3 million or 30.6% from approximately $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to approximately $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The increase in cost of revenues from sewage treatment services is also in line with our increase of revenues from our sewage treatment services revenues.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit increased by approximately $1.0 million, or 44.4%, to $3.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 from approximately $2.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the increase of our sewage treatment systems revenues.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, our overall gross profit percentage was 42.1% and 42.0%, respectively, which is consistent throughout these two periods. It was primarily due to the increase of our overall gross profit percentage of sewage treatment systems offset by the decrease of our overall gross profit percentage of sewage treatment services.

Gross profit percentage for sewage treatment systems was 45.1% and 42.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The gross profit percentage has slightly increase as we had been maintaining our selling price consistently throughout both periods while we were able to keep the inventory purchase price from our vendors at the similar level. We also improved efficiency to lower labor costs while maintaining a healthy 45.1% gross profit percentage during the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the 42.5% gross profit percentage in 2018.

Gross profit percentage for sewage treatment services was 32.4% and 40.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The gross profit percentage reduced because of the increase of the cost of revenues, including but not limited to, our technicians’ salary and benefit cost and repair and maintenance cost of our sewage treatment equipment as discussed above. As a result, our gross profit percentage decreased accordingly.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses decreased by approximately $0.4 million or 26.7 % from approximately $1.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 to approximately $1.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease was mainly attributable to approximately $0.3 million increase in gain on disposal of equipment, approximately $0.2 million decrease in provision for doubtful accounts and approximately $35,000 decrease in search and development (“R&D”) expense, which were offset by approximately $0.2 million increase in general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses.

The approximately $25,000 decrease in selling expenses was mainly attributable to the approximately $40,000 decreases in meals and entertainment, social insurance and advertising as we were attempting to maintain our sales department administrative expenses at the minimal level.

The G&A expenses increased by approximately $0.2 million or 29.6% from approximately $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to approximately $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. There is approximately $0.2 million increase in professional fee, such as audit, legal and consulting expenses as we begin the process of becoming a publicly traded company in the United States therefore increase in those initial public offering (IPO) related expense. The other $0.1 million increase was mainly attributable to the salary, social insurance as we are spending need more resources with our administrative team in order to support the grow of our company.

The approximately $0.2 million decrease in provision for doubtful accounts is mainly due to we collected our aged receivables in a better timely manner in accordance to our allowance for doubtful accounts reserve policy.

The approximately $35,000 decrease in R&D expense was mainly attributable to management effort in efficiency and cost control of our R&D expenses.

The approximately $0.3 million increase in gain on disposal of equipment is mainly because we have disposed of 10 sets of our cleaning equipment for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The disposal of the sewage cleaning equipment during this period was determined by the management and it is considered to be excessive equipment upon management consideration of shifting our business focus from sewage treatment services to sewage treatment systems sales and installation and will not be putting the excessive equipment into operation in the future.

Other income or expense, net

Total other income or expense, net increase by approximately $33,000 or 307.0% from other expenses of approximately $11,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to other income of approximately $22,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Provision for income taxes

Our provision for income taxes amounted to approximately $0.5 million and $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of the increase of income before income taxes.

Net income

Our net income increased by approximately $1.2 million, or 230.6%, to approximately $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, from approximately $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Such change was mainly due to the reasons as discussed above.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017

Revenues

Our revenues are derived from sewage treatment systems and sewage treatment services for sewage systems. Total revenues increased by approximately $9.4 million, or 202.6%, to approximately $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to approximately $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The overall increase was primarily attributable to the significant increase of our sewage treatment systems revenues offset by a slight decrease of sewage treatment services revenues.

Our revenues from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Sewage treatment systems revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment systems installation increased by approximately $10.3 million or 3,909.3% from approximately $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to approximately $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Starting in November 2017, we added sewage treatment system installation as our new stream of revenue which focuses on a bigger scale of project base business model. As a result, revenue from sewage treatment systems significantly increased our total revenue by 202.6 % for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we had six projects which were completed in 2018 and we had two projects which were still in progress as of December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we had three projects which were in progress as of December 31, 2017 and all of these projects were completed in 2018. We expect our sewage treatment systems revenues will continue to grow in 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 since we have shifted our business focus from sewage treatment services to sewage treatment systems installation.

Sewage treatment services revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment services decreased by approximately $0.9 million or 20.9% from approximately $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to approximately $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This decrease is a result of the change in our business strategies as we have shifted our business focus from sewage treatment services to sewage treatment systems installation while continuing to retain our existing customers in the sewage treatment services.

Cost of Revenues

Total cost of revenues increased by approximately $6.1 million, or 374.0%, to approximately $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to approximately $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in cost of revenues is a direct result of our increase of revenues.

Our cost of revenue from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems increased by approximately $5.7 million or 4,220.2% from approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to approximately $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems is in line with our increase of revenues from sewage treatment systems since we intend to maintain our gross margin percentage consistently with our customers.

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment services increased by approximately $0.4 million or 25.5% from approximately $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to approximately $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in cost of revenues from sewage treatment services is mainly due to the increase of sewage treatment technicians’ salaries and benefits as we have increased our technicians salaries to retain more qualified employees as well as the increase of repair and maintenance cost for our sewage treatment equipment as some of our equipment was beginning to age and required more repair and maintenance attention.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit increased by approximately $3.4 million, or 111.2%, to $6.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 from approximately $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the significant increase of our sewage treatment systems revenues.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, our overall gross profit percentage was 45.6% and 65.3%, respectively. The decrease in gross profit percentage was primarily due to the increase of our cost of sewage treatment services during the year ended December 31, 2018 which caused a decrease in sewage treatment services gross profit percentage of 19.8%, to 46.4% during the year ended December 31, 2018 from 66.2% for the year ended December 2017. As a result of the change in sewage treatment services revenues, our overall gross profit percentage was reduced accordingly.

Gross profit percentage for sewage treatment systems was 45.3% and 49.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The gross profit percentage remained consistent as we had been maintaining our selling price consistently throughout both periods while we were also able to keep the inventory purchase price from our vendors at the similar level. The slight decrease of our gross profit percentage was mainly because we had more labor costs being subcontracted out, which indirectly increased our cost of sales while maintaining a healthy 45.3% gross profit percentage during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the 49.2% gross profit percentage in 2017.

Gross profit percentage for sewage treatment services was 46.4% and 66.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The gross profit percentage reduced because of the increase of the cost of revenues, including by not limited to, our technicians’ salary and benefit cost and repair and maintenance cost of our sewage treatment equipment as discussed above. On the other head, our revenues from sewage treatment services decreased in 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 as we have shifted our business focus from sewage treatment services to sewage treatment systems installation. As a result, our gross profit percentage decreased accordingly.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses increased by approximately $0.4 million or 17.2 % from approximately $2.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 to approximately $3.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was mainly attributable to the approximately $0.6 million increase in provision of doubtful accounts for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, which offset by approximately $0.2 million decrease in selling expenses.

The approximately $0.2 million decrease in selling expenses was mainly attributable to approximately $0.1 million decrease in sales office expenses, postage and shipping, rent expenses and other expenses as we were attempting to maintain our sales department administrative expenses at the minimal level.

The G&A expenses remained consistent for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. There was an approximate $0.2 million increase in professional fee, such as audit and consulting expenses as we began the process of becoming a publicly traded company in the United States, which therefore increased those initial public offering (IPO) related expenses. The increase was offset by approximately $0.2 million decrease in salary, travel, meals and entertainment, remodel, and service expenses.

The approximately $0.6 million increase in provision for doubtful accounts was mainly because we had longer aged receivables and we made more reserve on allowance for doubtful accounts in accordance with our reserve policy.

Other income or expense, net

Total other income or expense, net decreased by approximately $0.2 million or 302.5% from other income of approximately $61,000 during the year ended December 31, 2017 to other expense of approximately $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in total expenses was mainly attributable to approximately $0.2 million increase in interest expense as we have obtained a few short-term bank and third parties loans in 2018.

Provision for income taxes

Our provision for income taxes amounted to approximately $0.6 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as a result of the increase of income before income taxes.

Net income

Our net income increased by approximately $2.3 million, or 588.6%, to approximately $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, from approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Such change was mainly due to the reasons as discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand and our operating expenditure commitments. Our liquidity needs are to meet our working capital requirements and operating expenses obligations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and short-term borrowing from banks and third parties.

As of June 30, 2019, our working capital was approximately $10.9 million and cash and restricted cash amounted to approximately $1.5 million. Our current assets were approximately $19.5 million and our current liabilities were approximately $8.6 million. We had a net income of approximately $1.7 million and approximately $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively and we generated net income of approximately $2.7 million and approximately $0.4 million from our operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We believe our revenues and operations will continue to grow in 2020 as we believe we are the pioneer in the China sewage treatment industry and we intend to continue to expand our sewage treatment systems installation business. We believe our current working capital and cash position is sufficient to support our operations for the next twelve months.

We intend to use the net proceeds raised from this offering to grow our business primarily by:

The following summarizes the key components of our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and was primarily attributable to (i) approximately $2.4 million increase in accounts receivable as we had increased our operation and revenues during the six months ended June 30, 2019 which also lead to more accounts receivable on credit, (ii) approximately $0.2 million increase in other receivables as we provided more advances to our employees, and (iii) approximately $2.4 million increase in contract assets as we completed some projects and have not send out final billing based upon the contract billing term, (iv) approximately $0.3 million decrease in contract liabilities as we finished and completed billing of some of our projects, (v) approximately $0.4 million gain on disposal of equipment as we sold 10 sets of our sewage cleaning equipment during the period, which offset by (vi) a net income of approximately $1.7 million, (vii) approximately $1.8 million increase in account payables, which we purchased more from our vendors on credits as we increased our operations, (viii) approximately $0.3 million increase in provision for doubtful accounts as we have longer aged receivables and we made more reserve on allowance for doubtful accounts in accordance with our reserve policy, (ix) approximately $0.3 million increase in tax payable as we recognized more income before income taxes, and (x) approximately $0.2 million of non-cash depreciation expenses.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and was primarily attributable to (i) approximately $0.9 million increase in accounts receivable as we had increased our operation and revenues during the six months ended June 30, 2019 which also lead to more accounts receivable on credit, (ii) approximately $0.3 million decrease in contract liabilities as we finished some projects we started in 2017 and completed our billing and (iii) approximately $0.9 million increase in contract assets as we started projects at the beginning of 2018 that were not completed at June 30, 2018, (iv) approximately $0.1 million increase in deferred tax assets, which offset by (v) a net income of approximately $0.5 million, (vi) approximately $0.2 million increase in accounts payable, other payables and accrued liabilities, (vii) approximately $0.2 million of non-cash depreciation expenses, (viii) approximately $0.6 million increase in provision for doubtful accounts as we had longer aged receivables and we made more reserve on allowance for doubtful accounts in accordance with our reserve policy, and (ix) approximately $0.2 million decrease in other receivables as we collected more employee advances.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and was primarily attributable to (i) approximately $7.3 million increase in accounts receivable as we had increased our revenues during 2018 which also lead to more accounts receivable on credit, (ii) approximately $2.1 million increase in contract assets as we completed six projects in 2018 while final billings for such projects will be occurring in 2019, and (iii) approximately $0.1 million increase in deferred tax assets, which offset by (iv) a net income of approximately $2.7 million, (v) approximately $2.0 million increase in account payables, which we purchased more from our vendors on credit as we increased our operations, (vi) approximately $0.9 million increase in provision for doubtful accounts as we had longer aged receivables and we made more reserve on allowance for doubtful accounts in accordance with our reserve policy, (vii) approximately $0.8 million increase in tax payable as we recognized more income before income taxes, (viii) approximately $0.4 million of non-cash depreciation expenses, and (ix) approximately $0.3 million decrease in other receivables as we collected more employee advances.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and was primarily attributable to (i) approximately $2.5 million increase in accounts receivable as we had increased our revenues during 2017 which also lead to more accounts receivable on credit, (ii) approximately $1.0 million decrease in tax payables as we paid more taxes throughout the year, and (iii) approximately $0.3 million increase in contract assets as we started three projects toward the end of 2017, which offset by (iv) a net income of approximately $0.4 million, (v) approximately $0.1 million increase in accounts payable, other payables and accrued liabilities, (vi) approximately $0.4 million increase in customer deposits as we required our customers to prepay us before we began sewage treatment systems installation projects in 2018, (vii) approximately $0.4 million of non-cash depreciation expenses, (viii) approximately $0.3 million increase in provision for doubtful accounts as we had longer aged receivables and we made more reserve on allowance for doubtful accounts in accordance with our reserve policy, and (ix) approximately $0.2 million decrease in other receivables as we collected more employee advances.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and was attributable to approximately $0.1 million of equipment purchases and approximately $0.8 million in loan to third party.

Net cash used in investing activities was $47,223 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and was attributable to $48,300 of equipment purchases and $1,067 of equipment sales.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and was attributable to approximately $0.1 million of equipment purchases.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and was attributable to approximately $0.1 million of equipment purchases.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and was primarily attributable to approximately $3.8 million proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, approximately $3.1 million repayment from related parties, approximately $0.1 million capital contribution from non-controlling interest shareholder, approximately $0.1 million proceeds from related parties’ other payables, which offset by approximately $0.7 million advances to related parties, approximately $1.1 million repayments of short-term bank loans, approximately $0.4 million repayments of short-term third party loans and approximately $2.8 million repayments of short-term related party loans.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and was primarily attributable to approximately $2.1 million repayment from related parties, approximately $0.8 million proceeds from short-term bank loans and approximately $2.0 million proceeds from related parties’ other payables, which offset by approximately $3.0 million advances to related parties, approximately $0.2 million repayments of short-term third party loans and approximately $1.6 million repayments of short-term related party loans.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and was primarily attributable to approximately $2.4 million repayment from related parties, approximately $2.5 million proceeds from ordinary shares subscription in advances, approximately $0.1 million proceeds from related party loans, approximately $0.9 million proceeds from short-term bank loans, and approximately $0.3 million proceeds from short-term third party loans, which offset by approximately $3.1 million advances to related parties and approximately $0.1 million of prepaid initial public offering (IPO) costs.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and was primarily attributable to approximately $1.2 million proceeds from ordinary shares subscription in advances, approximately $0.5 million proceeds from short-term third party loans, and approximately $0.9 million proceeds from short-term third party loans, which offset by approximately $1.3 million advances to related parties.

Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, we are subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of our business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations and tax matters. In accordance with ASC No. 450-20, “Loss Contingencies”, we will record accruals for such loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2019:

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements including arrangements that would affect our liquidity, capital resources, market risk support and credit risk support or other benefits.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements and accompanying notes requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We have identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial conditions and results of operations and require management's difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management's current judgments. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Significant accounting estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements include the useful lives of plant and equipment and intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, and allowance for deferred tax assets and uncertain tax position, and inventory allowance. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We elected to adopt Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), effective as of January 1, 2017. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented under ASC 606. We recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services (that is, an asset) to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. An asset is transferred when the customer obtains control of that asset. It also requires us to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer. We elected the modified retrospective method which required a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings instead of retrospectively adjusting prior periods. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

To achieve that core principle, we apply the five steps defined under Topic 606: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenue recognition policies for each type of revenue steam are as follows:

Performance obligations satisfied over time

Sales of sewage treatment system in conjunction of system installation are generally recognized based on our efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation over time as work progresses because of continuous transfer of control to the customer and we have the right to bill the customer as costs are incurred. The performance obligation includes the sewage treatment system and equipment that we sell as well as the continuous system installation to be performed. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using an input measure (i.e. costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion) to measure progress. We generally use the cost-to-cost measure of progress method because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of total costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Any expected losses on construction-type contracts in progress are charged to earnings, in total, in the period the losses are identified. Contract costs include all direct material and labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor and supplies. Contract modifications that extend or revise contract terms are generally result in recognizing the impact of the revised terms prospectively over the remaining life of the modified contract (i.e., effectively like a new contract).

Payment for sewage treatments system is made by the customer pursuant to the billing schedule stipulated in the contract which is generally based on the progress of the construction. Once the bills are issued to the customer, the customer generally has thirty days to make the payment on the amount billed. Cost based input methods of revenue recognition require us to make estimates of costs to complete its projects. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to the costs to complete its projects, including materials, labor, contingencies, and other system costs. The estimate of unit material cost is reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis, based on the updated information available in the supply markets. The estimate of material quantity to be used for completion and the installation cost is also reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis, based on the updated information on the progress of project execution. If the estimated total costs on any contract, including any inefficient costs, are greater than the net contract revenues, we recognize the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimates related to net contract revenues or costs to complete contracts are recorded in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The effect of the changes on future periods are recognized as if the revised estimates had been used since revenue was initially recognized under the contract. Such revisions could occur in any reporting period, and the effects may be material depending on the size of the contracts or the changes in estimates.

The installation revenues and sales of treatment system component are combined and considered as one performance obligation. The promises to transfer the equipment and system component and installation are not separately identifiable, which is evidencing by the fact that we provide a significant services of integrating the goods and services into a sewage treatment system for which the customer has contracted. We currently do not have any modification of contract and the contract currently does not have any variable consideration. The transaction price are clearly identifiable within our sales contracts in the performance obligation of our equipment and system component and installation revenues.

Furthermore, the installation revenues and sales of treatment system component normally includes assurance-type warranties that our performance is free from material defect and consistent with the specifications of our contracts, which do not give rise to a separate performance obligation. To the extent the warranty terms provide the customer with an additional service, such as extended maintenance services, such warranty is accounted for as a separate performance obligation even though it is embedded in the sewage treatments system and installation sale contract, which is generally between one to two years after installation. Revenue generated from maintenance service is maintenance terms are clearly identifiable and distinguished from the equipment and system component and installation revenues should we need to separately enter the installation and maintenance service contract.

We have no obligations for returns, refund or similar obligations of its sewage treatment system installation.

Prior to January 1, 2017, we recognized revenue on sewage treatment system contracts using the percentage of completion method, as outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-35, Revenue Recognition, Construction Type and Production Type Contracts. We review contract price and cost estimates periodically as the work progresses, and recognizes changes in estimates of contract revenues, costs and profits for contracts accounted for under the percentage of completion method using the cumulative catchup method of accounting.

Performance obligations satisfied over time

Revenue from sewage treatment system maintenance services contracts require us to render repair or maintenance on any system failure during the contracted maintenance periods, which is generally between one to two years. Revenue generated from sewage treatment system maintenance service is recognized over the coverage period on a straight-line basis.

The maintenance contract revenue is embedded in the installation contract but clearly identifiable for such maintenance service, which is generally between one to two years after installation. This clause includes identifiable payment term within the sales contract, which we believe can be distinguished from the installation services should we need to separately enter the installation and maintenance service contracts. Maintenance services revenues are immaterial to the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Performance obligations satisfied over time

Revenue from sewage treatment services contracts require us to render treatment services for a one-time basis or based upon a contingent specified treatment period, which is generally one year or less. Our performance obligations are generally satisfied over time because customers receive and consume the benefits of such services and we have the right to bill the customer as services performed. Revenue generated from sewage treatment service is recognized using an input measure method, (i.e. labor costs incurred to date relative to total estimated labor cost at completion) to measure progress. Under the labor cost measure of progress method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of total labor cost incurred to date to the total estimated labor cost at completion of the performance obligation. Revenue, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as labor cost are incurred. We consider labor time, the input measurement, is the best available indicator of the pattern and timing in which contract obligations are fulfilled. We have a long history of sewage treatment services resulting in our ability to reasonably estimate the service hours expected to be incurred and the progress toward completion on each fixed-price contract based on the proportion of service hours incurred to date relative to total estimated service hours at completion. Estimated contract costs are based on the budgeted service hours, which are updated based on the progress toward completion on a monthly basis. Pursuant to the contract terms, we have enforceable rights on payments for the work performed. Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the current contract estimates. Costs of sewage treatment services are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

We applied a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less. We have no material incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers that we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year which need to be recognized as assets.

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable include trade accounts due from customers. In establishing the required allowance for doubtful accounts, management considers historical collection experience, aging of the receivables, the economic environment, industry trend analysis, and the credit history and financial conditions of the customers. Management reviews its receivables on a regular basis to determine if the bad debt allowance is adequate, and adjusts the allowance when necessary. Delinquent account balances are written-off against allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

Contract assets and contract liabilities

Projects with performance obligations recognized over time that have revenue recognized to date in excess of cumulative billings are reported on our consolidated balance sheets as “Contract assets”. Contract retentions, included in contract assets, represent amounts withheld by clients, in accordance with underlying contract terms, until certain conditions are met or the project is completed. Provisions for estimated losses of contract assets on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined.

Contract assets have billing term with unconditional right to be billed beyond one year are classified as non-current assets.

Contract liabilities on uncompleted contracts represent the amounts of cash collected from clients, billings to clients on contracts in advance of work performed and revenue recognized and provisions for losses. The majority of these amounts are expected to be earned within twelve months and are classified as current liabilities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk while we have short-term bank loans outstanding. Although interest rates for our short-term loans are typically fixed for the terms of the loans, the terms are typically twelve months and interest rates are subject to change upon renewal.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. We manage credit risk through in-house research and analysis of the Chinese economy and the underlying obligors and transaction structures. We identify credit risk collectively based on industry, geography and customer type. In measuring the credit risk of our sales to our customers, we mainly reflect the “probability of default” by the customer on its contractual obligations and consider the current financial position of the customer and the current and likely future exposures to the customer.

Liquidity Risk

We are also exposed to liquidity risk, which is risk that we will be unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, we will turn to other financial institutions and related parties to obtain short-term funding to cover any liquidity shortage.

Foreign Exchange Risk

While our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, almost all of our consolidated revenues and consolidated costs and expenses are denominated in RMB. All of our assets are denominated in RMB. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk as our revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and RMB. If the RMB depreciates against the U.S. dollar, the value of our RMB revenues, earnings and assets as expressed in our U.S. dollar financial statements will decline. We have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign exchange risk.

BUSINESS

Overview

We are a waste treatment company that generates revenue through design, development, manufacture, sales, installation, operation and maintenance of sewage treatment systems and by providing sewage treatment services. We primarily engage in two segments: rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment in both urban and rural areas.

For rural sewage treatment, we sell complete sewage treatment systems, construct rural sewage treatment plants, install the systems, and provide on-going operation and maintenance services for such systems and plants in China for municipalities and enterprise clients. We provide decentralized rural sewage treatment services with our integrated and proprietary system using our advanced quick separation technology. Our quick separation technology uses a biochemical process for economically and sufficiently treating rural sewage. In addition, our integrated equipment generally has a lifespan of over 10 years without replacement of the core components. Due to our quick separation technology and our technological expertise and experience, our integrated rural sewage treatment system produces a high quality of outflowing water, with high degrees of automation, efficient construction and start up, and low operational costs. In addition, our equipment is typically able to process abrupt increases of sewage inflows and high contamination. Our integrated equipment consists of a compact structure and is buried underground in order to minimize changes to the surrounding environment.

The market for rural sewage treatment is significant and growing. In 2017, the annual volume of rural sewage discharge reached approximately 21.4 billion tons, and in 2016, only approximately 22% of the incorporated villages in China treated rural sewage water. In 2016, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development set a goal of establishing sewers and sewage treatment facilities and service systems in 90% of the villages and towns in China within 30 years. As a result of these governmental policies, it is estimated that the market size of rural sewage treatment will reach approximately RMB 200 billion ($29 billion) in 2030. We believe that we will maintain our position as a leader in the rural sewage treatment industry with our proprietary technology and successful track record. We have completed more than 60 rural sewage treatment plants in Fujian, Jiangxi, and Liaoning provinces in China, with a total treatment capacity of more than 3,400 tons of sewage per day, and have established long-term relationships with our customers through our operation and maintenance services.

For septic tank treatment, we offer on site, or in-situ, septic tank treatment services with our proprietary systems in the urban and rural areas of China for municipalities and residential and business property management companies. We have developed both mobile and fixed systems to meet the various needs of our customers. Our mobile system uses automated equipment assembled on a vehicle in order to allow for transport between dispersed septic tanks in both urban and rural areas. Our mobile system treats the waste at each site and extracts such waste from the septic tank through a narrow opening, which reduces odor and noise as well as spillage and safety issues that occur during traditional methods of pumping and transporting septic tank sewage. Our mobile system treatment processes include septic tank waste extraction, separation of solid waste from liquid sewage, dehydration of separated waste, residue filtration, and solid waste compacting. Our fixed system is an integrated waste treatment system that uses quick separation technology to service septic tank sewage collection stations for public toilets in urban areas and to service public toilets in the services stations along highways. It is a compact, stand-alone system that is able to decompose solid waste and treat sewage to meet the guidelines established by the Chinese government in Wastewater Quality Standards for Discharge to Municipal Sewers (GB/T 31962-2015).

Currently, the sewage from septic tanks in urban areas is discharged into the sewer systems after simple treatment methods. The Chinese government implemented the new Wastewater Quality Standards for Discharge to Municipal Sewers (GB/T 31962-2015) in 2016 to enhance the treatment of septic tank sewage. However, we believe that in most regions, the sewage discharged from septic tanks to municipal sewers does not meet the standards promulgated by the Chinese government. We believe that the market for effectively treating the sewage from septic tanks in compliance with such government standards is significant, and we believe that this is an area for significant increase in revenue for us.

We outsource the manufacturing of the integrated rural sewage treatment system and components of our mobile septic tank treatment system to multiple suppliers with whom we have established long-term relationships. The suppliers rely on us to provide design and technological support, as we maintain our proprietary technology and technological know-how. We have implemented strict quality control procedures and perform annual assessments on our suppliers to ensure that they continue to meet our requirements regarding quality, timing of delivery, and post-sale services.

We have established sales and marketing networks in many cities across several provinces in China with fourteen majority-owned subsidiaries and two branch offices in China. For rural sewage treatment, we procure contracts from city or provincial level state-owned construction companies that are responsible for constructing rural sewage infrastructures for local governments to sell, install and operate decentralized rural sewage treatment systems. For septic tank treatment, we collaborate with the strategic partners at our subsidiaries in China to procure contracts for the treatment and servicing of septic tanks from our customers, particularly local governments and residential and business property management companies.

The core of our business is our proprietary systems and technology, together with our experience and expertise in waste treatment services, particularly in rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment. As of September 30, 2019, we had two invention patents and thirteen utility model patents. We also had five pending utility model patents. We are continually working to upgrade our quick separation technology and septic tank treatment systems through independent research and development and partnerships with third-party institutions to further develop our mobile septic tank treatment system.

We intend to expand our sales and marketing efforts for our rural sewage treatment system to further penetrate the market in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. We are in the process of negotiating partnerships with state-owned companies at the central government level to expand the geographic market for rural sewage treatment. We also intend to promote our newly developed septic tank treatment systems, particularly in the septic tank sewage collection stations in the cities and public toilets in service stations. We have designed and completed internal testing of a fixed septic tank treatment system for septic tank sewage collection stations in cities, and we are actively pursuing projects with the Beijing government to treat the sewage from approximately 1,000 public toilets that currently exist in the Shunyi, Chaoyang and Dongcheng Districts. We also intend to vertically expand into organic fertilizer production using dehydrated solid waste from our mobile septic tank treatment system.

Industry Background

Rural Sewage Treatment

In China, the annual volume of rural sewage discharge reached approximately 21.4 billion tons in 2017 and increased at a yearly growth rate of approximately 6% from 2013 to 2017. In most rural areas, sewage is discharged without treatment, resulting in water pollution. In 2016, only approximately 22% of the incorporated villages in China treated rural sewage water. It is estimated that the market size of rural sewage treatment in China will reach approximately RMB 200 billion ($29 billion) in 2030.

Due to China’s recent focus on the continuous improvement of living standards through more stringent environmental laws and regulations for clean water, we believe compliance with such laws and regulations will become increasingly difficult for companies to achieve. Therefore, we believe new technology and applications in sewage treatment will be in greater demand, which we expect will drive demand for our services and products.

In March 2016, China announced its 13th Five Year Plan (2016-2020), which, among other matters, attempted to improve China’s drinking water safety, with new measures related to water safety protection, water conservation reform and drinking water safety legislation. China’s five-year plans are blueprints containing the country’s social, economic, and political goals. They encompass and intertwine with existing policies, regional plans, and strategic initiatives. A five-year plan signals the Chinese government’s vision for future reforms and communicates this to other parts of the bureaucracy, industry players and Chinese citizens. It is a plan that will go through constant revision during its term. The 13th Five Year Plan contains clean water initiatives regarding the construction of urban sewage treatment and supporting facilities, urban reclaimed water recycling, and continued reduction of waste emissions. Further, the 13th Five Year Plan requires industrial products to be completed with improved product technology, process equipment, and energy efficiencies. In addition, in the water pollution prevention action plan, there is an increased emphasis on the importance of cooperating with foreign technological partners in the areas of water treatment process equipment. We believe these policies, among others, will cause more industries to utilize new technologies in water treatment to comply with new laws and regulations that will be implemented pursuant to the 13th Five Year Plan. In 2016, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development also set a goal of establishing sewers and sewage treatment facilities and service systems in 90% of the villages and towns in China within thirty years. As a result of these governmental policies, it is estimated that the market size of rural sewage treatment will reach approximately RMB 200 billion ($29 billion) in 2030.

At present, the majority of Chinese wastewater treatment plants exist in urban areas. By contrast, the population in rural China is more dispersed, resulting in the difficulty of collecting sewage for centralized treatment. Therefore, decentralized treatment systems, such as our systems, are suitable for rural areas, which require highly concentrated and miniaturized sewage treatment systems with physical, chemical and/or biological measures that integrate the whole treatment process at a smaller scale.

The sewage treatment technologies commonly found in rural areas include membrane bio-reactor, or MBR, anaerobic-anoxic-oxic, or A2/O, anaerobic and oxic, or A/O, and quick separation. MBR generally requires replacement of membranes approximately every two to three years, which can be costly, whereas quick separation technology can typically operate for approximately ten years without needing to replace the quick separation balls. In addition, A2/O typically requires construction of three separate tanks each for a different process with excess oxygen or no oxygen, and A/O typically requires construction of two separate tanks. On the contrast, quick separation technology allows the anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic process to happen in the quick separation balls in one tank. Therefore, quick separation technology can eliminate the costs of constructing extra tanks. In addition, quick separation technology typically produces less slug than other technologies and therefore can eliminate the costs of constructing a secondary settling tank. Our sewage treatment systems are also highly automated and only one to two people can monitor approximately twenty systems. We believe that our quick separation technology is cost-effective and meets the strictest water quality standards, Grade I Standard A, published by the Chinese government.

Septic Tank Treatment

The septic tank treatment industry has been subject to an increased number of regulations and policies of environmental protection in recent years. Traditional septic tank treatments pump a mixture of solid waste and sewage into a tank truck and transport it to a treatment center for processing. However, the cost of the traditional methodology continues to increase due to a lack of capacity of the existing treatment centers and the distance of transportation.

The industry is highly segmented with several participants being small and regional companies or contracted individuals. With the increasing awareness of issues in the septic tank treatment industry, including the illegal dumping of waste, municipal environmental protection departments are increasing their oversight and scrutiny of participants within this industry.

Currently, the sewage from septic tanks in urban areas is discharged into the sewer systems after simple treatment methods. The Chinese government implemented the new Wastewater Quality Standards for Discharge to Municipal Sewers (GB/T 31962-2015) in 2016 to enhance the treatment of septic tank sewage. However, we believe that in most regions, the sewage discharged from septic tanks to municipal sewers does not meet the standards promulgated by the Chinese government. We believe that the market for our systems to effectively treat the sewage from septic tanks in compliance with such government standards is large and growing.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following competitive strengths differentiate us from our competitors and continue to contribute to our success in the waste treatment market:

Product Advantages. Our integrated rural sewage treatment system adopts quick separation technology, which we believe to be an advanced and cost-effective solution for decentralized sewage treatment at a small scale. Our two septic tank treatment systems, mobile and fixed, both have the capability to treat the septic tanks on site with reduced odor and noise. Our proprietary design and technology is adaptable to the needs of specific customers and produces treated water that we believe meets applicable government standards.

Extensive Operation and Marketing Network. With fourteen subsidiaries in nine provinces in China, each with strategic local partners, we are positioned near current and potential customers across China, which provides us with increased access to such customers and reduces our transportation and travel costs for equipment and services.

Experienced Management Team and Personnel with a Demonstrated Track Record. Our management team, led by Yunwu Li, has significant industry experience and has demonstrated a track record of managing costs, adapting to changing market conditions, and developing new products. In addition, our workforce is highly skilled with specialized training. We have successfully completed numerous projects in various provinces across China, including the Fujian, Jiangxi, Liaoning, and Zhejiang provinces. In 2017, the Wuxing District, Zhejiang province in China was named the Provincial Outstanding District and Town of the year in an evaluation of rural sewage operation, maintenance and management, according to the Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Wuxing District. In 2017, we, through Huzhou CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., were primarily responsible for the operation and maintenance of the rural sewage treatment pipeline for the Wuxing District, Zhejiang province in China.

Numerous Completed and Successful Projects. We believe we have pioneered the emerging rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment industries in China. We have completed numerous projects in Fujian, Jiangxi and Liaoning provinces in China which we believe differentiates us from existing competitors that are small-scale and regional.

Recognized Brand. We believe we have established a distinguished reputation and close relationship among the state-owned companies, local governments and residential and business property management companies from which we acquire new projects.

Full range of sewage treatment solutions. We are able to install complete sewage treatment solutions for customers, which allows us to target end users. Our ability to provide customers with complete solutions, including maintenance support, installation, and technical advice, for their sewage treatment needs allows us to capture various types of users in the sewage treatment market. In addition, being able to provide total solutions creates a larger market for our products. We are typically able to obtain recurring or long-term contracts for operation and maintenance services due to our turn-key solutions for sewage treatment and our proprietary technology. We are also able to retain our customers as we maintain technological know-how and years of operational knowledge.

Our Strategy

We provide sewage treatment services and equipment specializing in rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment in both urban and rural areas. Our goal is to become one of the premier sewage treatment solution companies in China. We aim to achieve this goal by implementing the following strategies:

Rural Sewage Treatment

We intend to increase our market share in the rural sewage treatment industry by leveraging our proprietary technology and successful installation of our sewage treatment systems and plants. We intend to increase our market share in the towns and villages where we have already established a presence, and we also intend to expand our sales and marketing efforts to new geographic markets. We believe we have established a recognized brand and maintain an excellent reputation among state-owned and other companies through our successful rural sewage treatment plants and operation and maintenance services. Through frequent communication with state-owned and other companies, we are better able to understand our customers’ needs and can tailor our designs and proposals to meet those demands. We intend to expand our sales and marketing team targeting state-owned and other companies to further pursue opportunities of rural sewage treatment. We are currently in negotiation for several projects in the Fujian province in China.

We are in the process of negotiation to establish long-term partnerships with state-owned companies in the central government level for rural sewage treatment. We previously cooperated with state-owned companies in the city and provincial levels and built a recognized brand among such state-owned companies with our successful track record. To enhance the mutually beneficial relationship, we seek to enter into long-term partnerships with state-owned companies at the central government level. Such companies not only have established good relationships with government agencies, but also own sufficient working capital. Particularly at the central government level, state-owned companies have established networks throughout China. Such partnerships would help us to expand to other provinces in China.

Septic Tank Treatment

We plan to provide septic tank treatment services to septic tank sewage collection stations. We have designed, researched and developed a system that treats sewage at septic tank sewage collection stations in two steps: (1) separating solid waste and liquid sewage, and (2) treating the remaining liquid sewage before discharge. We plan to provide the system itself, along with installation, operation and maintenance services for the system, to septic tank sewage collection stations. In Beijing, there were more than 20,000 public toilets in 2019. The sewage produced in those public toilets is not permitted to be discharged into the municipal drainage systems before treatment. On average, each public toilet generates 2 to 3 tons of sewage per day. Therefore, for every 50 public toilets in Beijing, the Chinese government would need to build a septic tank sewage collection station capable of holding approximately 100 tons of sewage for temporary storage before it is transported to specialized treatment plants. We intend to promote our system in the Shunyi, Dongcheng, and Chaoyang Districts of Beijing in 2020. We believe our target customers for our system will primarily be municipal governments at the district and town levels. We believe our system is a cost-efficient method to treat septic tank sewage and typically will allow customers to avoid additional fees and/or potential hazard that could result from transportation of sewage from the collection stations to specialized treatment plants. We plan to obtain long-term contracts with our target customers and to offer free installation of our system while charging monthly or annual services fees.

We plan to promote the fixed septic tank treatment system for public toilets in service stations. We have upgraded our fixed septic tank treatment system and we believe that the treated water meets the strictest water quality standards, Grade I Standard A, specified in the Discharge Standard for Pollutants of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (GB18918-2002). This permits treated water to be reused or discharged directly into rivers and lakes. This system targets public toilets in service stations along controlled-access highways, particularly those highways in remote areas where sewer systems or wastewater treatment plants are not available. Currently, the sewage from public toilets at such service stations is discharged directly onto the ground or into nearby rivers and lakes, which raises environmental concerns. The Chinese government is seeking cost-effective solutions to manage such sewage from public toilets. We agreed to build a fixed septic tank treatment system at a service station in Inner Mongolia as a demonstration site for our fixed septic tank treatment system capabilities. This system began operation in May 2019 and treats approximately 4,238 cubic feet of wastewater per day.

We plan to partner with third parties to begin organic fertilizer production. We intend to begin production of organic fertilizer that utilizes the solid waste products that result from our mobile septic tank treatment systems. We currently provide such solid waste products to parks and farms at no cost, while we bear the transportation cost. We intend to cooperate with established organic fertilizer companies such that we will provide dehydrated solid waste and our partners will manufacture and sell organic fertilizer made from such waste. We are in contact with an organic fertilizer manufacturing company in Chengde, Hebei province that currently uses animal waste to produce several tons of fertilizer per day. We plan to potentially further pursue this opportunity with such manufacturing company following the completion of this offering.

Our Services and Products

We currently offer two primary lines of business in both urban and rural areas: rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment. For rural sewage treatment, we sell and install our proprietary rural sewage treatment systems and provide on-going operation and maintenance services to our customers. For septic tank treatment, we provide on-site treatment services with our mobile and fixed septic tank treatment systems.

Rural Sewage Treatment

Our rural sewage treatment systems feature decentralized treatment with a capacity of treating 5 to 500 tons of sewage per day, which we believe is suitable for villages and towns in China. We offer turn-key solutions to our customers, including construction of sewage treatment plants, installation of our proprietary equipment, and operation and maintenance of such plants with our technical expertise and proprietary technology. We actively pursue long-term service contracts for operation and maintenance.

Our rural sewage treatment systems utilize quick separation technology, a newly emerged biochemical process for sewage treatment in the last 5 to 10 years. The primary filtration and treatment process occurs inside quick separation balls, which are numerous porous ceramic balls hosting microorganisms collected in a spherical plastic frame. Quick separation technology requires no additional pressure. As the blowing apparatus forces sewage though the quick separation balls, the flow rate on the surface of the porous ceramic balls is lowered and the suspended pollutants accumulate inside the balls. An aerobic process that decomposes organic matter occurs near the surface of ceramic balls and an anaerobic process that decreases phosphorus and nitrogen occurs near the core. Our quick separation technology innovatively creates a varied, aerobic and anaerobic environment in one tank while traditional biochemical methodologies, such as A/O methodology, maintain only one environment in one tank.

We believe our quick separation technology is effective in treating sewage at small scales. Other methodologies include MBR, A2/O and A/O. MBR is able to convert sewage into high-quality clean water, but typically requires high capital investment and therefore is usually found in large, centralized treatment plants. A2/O and A/O are economically feasible for decentralized sewage treatment, but produce unstable treated water which sometimes fails to meet the national standards for sewage discharge. Our quick separation technology has the following advantages, which we believe outweigh the disadvantages, such as the need to use additional chemicals to reduce sulfur in wastewater and the low level, at times, of the biochemical oxygen demand level in the quick separation tank, which can make it difficult to sustain the microorganisms in the quick separation balls without additional carbon sources:

Throughout our years of experience in rural sewage treatment, we have improved our quick separation technology and processes to have the following unique advantages:

The process flow of our integrated rural sewage treatment system is as follows:

We have completed more than 60 plants in the Fujian, Jiangxi, and Liaoning provinces in China and have established long-term relationships with our customers through our operation and maintenance services.

Septic Tank Treatment

We offer septic tank treatment services with two types of septic tank treatment systems, each of which treats septic waste on site: (1) a mobile system for households in urban and rural areas, and (2) a fixed system for public toilets in urban areas.

Our mobile system is composed of an integrated waste treatment system assembled on a vehicle to allow for transport to septic tanks in all areas. The system is composed of a pump, a compactor, a multi-dish screw dehydrator which mechanically dewaters sludge in the system, and a small pipeline dredger. Our mobile system is able to manage septic tank waste treatment through the processes of waste extraction, separation of solid waste from liquid sewage, dehydration of solid waste, residue filtration, and bale pressing. This treatment process reduces the odor and noise of traditional treatments, and reduces spillage during transportation. Our mobile system is largely automated and requires only two or three workers per system during operation. One mobile system is typically able to treat one 400-cubic-meter septic tank per day.

Our fixed system is an integrated, stand-alone waste treatment system designed for public toilets in cities. It adopts our quick separation technology and has a compact structure, only requiring twelve square meters for a system capable of treating twenty tons of sewage per day. Due to our advanced quick separation technology, our fixed system is able to decompose solid waste and treat sewage to meet the Sewage Quality Standards for Discharge to Municipal Sewers (GB/T 31962-2015).

We primarily procure outsourcing contracts from local governments and residential and business property management companies. We have established fourteen subsidiaries in several provinces in China with local partners to expand our geographic market coverage. We have built a stable customer base that typically renews our septic tank service contracts annually or biennially.

Our Customers

Our current customers are primarily local governments, state-owned companies and residential and business property management companies in China. We determine a particular customer’s credit limits based on its size, creditworthiness and financial strength to limit the likelihood of bad debt and nonpayment. Our top two customers in the six months ended June 30, 2019 collectively accounted for 69% of our total revenue in such period. Our top three customers in 2018 collectively accounted for 65% our total revenue in such period.

Sales and Marketing

We have established sales and marketing networks in many cities across nine provinces in China, with fourteen majority-owned subsidiaries and two branch offices, and we are in the process of penetrating the market in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces and expanding our sales and marketing efforts in northern China. Our sales and marketing operations are currently primarily initiated by, and the responsibility of, our general managers at our headquarters and our subsidiaries, together with our business development department, assisted by our engineering department.

For rural sewage treatment, our customers are city or provincial level state-owned construction companies that provide turn-key solutions of rural sewage infrastructure construction including drainage, pipeline and sewage treatment for local governments. When obtaining a new customer, we first identify the demand of local governments in rural sewage treatment. Then, we approach such state-owned companies that are capable of and experienced in undertaking sewage treatment related projects. We assist the state-owned companies in their bidding process with local governments, especially on the technology and process of rural sewage treatment. Lastly, the state-owned companies will use our rural sewage equipment and services after winning the bid. We have mutually beneficial partnerships with state-owned companies as we provide the technological support in rural sewage treatment and the state-owned companies have good relationships with local governments, well-known brands, and sufficient working capital. For the projects we assisted with, the state-owned companies have shown a very high success rate in the bidding process. State-owned companies in China often enter Engineering Procurement Construction, or EPC, contracts with the Chinese government, and often also undertake Public-Private-Partnership, or PPP, or Build-Operate-Transfer, or BOT, projects. EPC contracts indicate that a contractor is responsible for the engineering, procurement and construction of a particular facility or work awarded to it. BOT projects are funded solely by the contractor, and the contractor is responsible for construction and operation for a certain period of time. PPP projects are co-funded by the companies and the Chinese government, and the companies share the costs and risks of the project together with the Chinese government. In order to accomplish large EPC, PPP, or BOT projects, state-owned companies will procure rural sewage treatment equipment and services from us. We are responsible for building and operating decentralized rural sewage treatment plants. We charge construction and service fees for construction or renovation of sewage treatment plants and the provision of rural sewage treatment services.

For septic tank treatment systems, we have expanded into various geographic markets through our establishment of subsidiaries with strategic partners who have outstanding local networks and resources. We have established fourteen subsidiaries in several provinces in China. Through those subsidiaries, we procure septic tank treatment contracts from local governments and residential and business property management companies.

Our sales and marketing efforts focus on active and on-going communication with relevant government agencies, state-owned strategic partners and residential and business property management companies. We also actively seek partnerships with state-owned companies at the central government level and therefore become more exposed to a boarder geographic market coverage. We also frequently attend the industry seminars held by the government. We intend to increase our sales and marketing efforts via advertisement in magazines in the waste treatment industry and attending relevant exhibitions.

Manufacturing

Rural Sewage Treatment

We outsource manufacturing of our integrated rural sewage treatment system primarily to three suppliers in the Jiangsu and Fujian provinces. We have established stable and long-term relationships with our suppliers and they generally deliver our orders on a timely basis. The average time required for an integrated equipment system, for treating less than 100 tons of sewage per day, from execution of the contract to delivery is typically between 45 and 60 days. Our suppliers have the ability to manufacture any of our integrated rural sewage treatment systems. All integrated equipment must pass strict quality control procedures at three stages: (1) during our selection of the supplier, (2) during the testing stages before purchase and implementation and (3) during an annual supplier appraisal conducted by us. During the selection process of our suppliers, we conduct due diligence to ensure that the suppliers meet our standards, including that they have obtained necessary permits, that they meet national standards of quality control, that they have the necessary equipment and capacity to meet our needs and that they agree on our criteria for testing. We also typically perform several test runs before we accept products from our suppliers. In addition, we appraise our suppliers annually to ensure that they continue to meet our expectations regarding quality, timing of delivery, and post-sale services.

Septic Tank Treatment

We assemble the components of our mobile septic tank treatment system and install such equipment on our vehicles at our factory in Shenzhen, China, which we operate under a lease that expires in December 2020. We contract with third-party suppliers to produce the components, which include a pump, a crusher, a multi-dish screw dehydrator, and a small pipeline dredger. We maintain our proprietary technology and provide the design and technology support for the suppliers. We further divide the key components into five or six parts and contract with different suppliers for each component to protect our proprietary technology.

We purchase some of the components and assemblies that we include in our products from a limited number of suppliers. We believe that we could obtain and qualify alternative sources to supply these components. Nevertheless, any prolonged inability to obtain these components could have an adverse effect on our operating results and could unfavorably impact our customer relationships.

Research and Development

We are committed to researching and developing our sewage treatment technologies and septic tank treatment systems in order to meet the demands of our customers in the waste treatment market. We collect feedback from our completed projects and modify our integrated equipment and technologies based on previous experiences. We believe scientific and technological innovations will aid us to achieve our long-term strategic objective of becoming one of the premier waste treatment solution companies in China. For this reason, we devote significant financial and personnel resources to research and development. Our current research and development efforts are primarily focused on improving the efficiency of the microorganisms in our rural sewage treatment system and exploring the combination of membrane and quick separation technology to maximize the proficiency of water treatment. Our research and development team is comprised of highly skilled engineers and scientists with extensive experience in sewage and septic technologies, chemistry, and design. To supplement our internal expertise, we have also collaborated with third-party institutions to whom we provided funds for research and development purposes. For the new septic tank treatment services for septic tank sewage collection stations, we continually conduct research to create an efficient and compact system. We are also exploring the combination of different sewage treatment methods to maximize the quality of water outflow.

Our research and development expense was $185,436 in 2018 and $167,024 in 2017. We intend to continue to invest in research and development to support and enhance our existing products and services and to develop future product and service offerings to enhance our position in the market.

Intellectual Property

Our success and future revenue growth may depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property as products that are material to our operating results incorporate patented technology.

We have pursued protections for our intellectual property rights since our founding in 2012 and we focus our intellectual property efforts in China. Our patent strategy is designed to provide a balance between the need for coverage in our strategic market and the need to maintain reasonable costs.

We believe our patents and other intellectual property rights serve to distinguish and protect our products from infringement and contribute to our competitive advantages. As of September 30, 2019, we had two invention patents and thirteen utility model patents. We also had five pending utility model patents.

We cannot assure you that any patents will be issued from any of our pending applications. In addition, any rights granted under any of our existing or future patents may not provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage to us. With respect to our other proprietary rights, it may be possible for third parties to copy or otherwise obtain and use our proprietary technology without authorization or to develop similar technology independently. We may in the future initiate claims or litigation against third parties to determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights of others. In addition, we may in the future initiate litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or to protect our trade secrets. Additional information about the risks relating to our intellectual property is provided under “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property.”

Competition

We face competition from several regional competitors in the rural sewage treatment industry and the septic tank treatment industry. We may also face competition from new and emerging companies.

Rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment are emerging industries in China. We believe our primary competitors are regional companies that undertake construction of rural sewage treatment plants and provide operation and maintenance services, along with regional companies in the septic tank treatment industry. Due to the difficulty of centralized treatment of rural sewage in China, large companies do not typically enter the rural sewage treatment market. The regional companies that we compete with are typically small in scale and rely on their relationships with large and state-owned companies which outsource the rural sewage treatment. Such companies typically use A2/O or A/O methodology to treat rural sewage which is not as efficient as our quick separation technology.

We believe there are barriers to entry in our markets that limit the number of qualified competitors. These barriers result from stringent performance standards, product qualification protocols and requirements for consistent levels of service and support. We believe that our broad array of products and product designs coupled with our engineering expertise and experienced service providers enable us to provide customers with differentiated product performance, value and customer support.

The principal competitive factors in our markets include:

We believe we compete favorably with respect to the factors mentioned above.

Seasonality

Our business is affected by seasonality. Construction of our treatment systems is typically slow during winter seasons due to inclement weather and around Chinese holidays due to government and other and closures.

Facilities

Our principal executive office is located at C1, 4th Floor, Building 1, Financial Base, No. 8 Kefa Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China, 518057, where we lease approximately 3,440 square feet of office space. We lease this space under a lease that terminates on September 30, 2020. We also lease a facility located at Unit A, Building C, No. 70, Wuyuan Road, No. 1 Industrial Zone, Lisonglang, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, China, consisting of approximately 6,458 square feet of factory space. We lease this space under a lease that terminates on December 31, 2020. We also lease other spaces that we do not view to be material to our business.

We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate any expansion of our operations.

Employees

As of September 30, 2019, we had 209 employees, of whom 204 were full-time employees, 5 were part-time employees and all were located in China. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment related work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or may be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the final outcome of ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

REGULATION

The following sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China.

Regulations and National Policies Relating to the Water Treatment Equipment Manufacturing Industry

Pursuant to (a) the Law of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, which was adopted in 1984 and amended in 2008, (b) the Law of China on Circular Economy Promotion, which was adopted in 2009, and (c) Regulation on Urban Drainage and Sewage Treatment which, was adopted in 2014, the Chinese government supports the application of advanced and applicable technology to the prevention and control of water pollution, and the research, development and promotion of science and technology. Further, the Chinese government encourages social funds to invest, construct and operate urban drainage and sewage treatment equipment.

Pursuant to the Water Ten Plan, the Chinese government adopted specific targets related to water quality and environmental protection. To achieve these targets, the government will promote research and advanced technologies on water pollution treatment and recycling.

The principal regulation governing foreign ownership of water treatment equipment manufacturing businesses in China is the Industry Guidelines on Encouraged Foreign Investment, which was issued by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission on June 30, 2019, and became effective on July 30, 2019. Under the Guidance Catalogue, our main business, the water treatment equipment manufacturing business is in an industry that foreign investors are encouraged to invest in. Foreign investment in the water treatment equipment manufacturing business in China is subject to approval from Ministry of Commerce and/or the local counterpart authorized by Ministry of Commerce in accordance with the business scale and total amount of investment.

The foreign ownership of our PRC subsidiaries was approved by Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government, and we have obtained a Certificate of Approval for Establishment of Enterprise with Investment of Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and Overseas Chinese in China issued by People’s Government of Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government Province on April 1, 2016.

Regulations Relating to Environmental Protection

The Environmental Protection Law, which was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2015, effectively established the legal framework for environment protection in China. The Environmental Protection Law requires the Ministry of Environmental Protection, or the MEP, to implement uniform supervision and administration of environmental protection work nationwide and establishes national waste discharge standards. Enterprises producing environmental contamination and other public hazards must incorporate environmental protection work into their planning and establish environmental protection systems. As of the date of this prospectus, the business of us and our subsidiaries complied with the relevant provisions of The Environmental Protection Law.

Through the adoption of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of China in 2018 and the Category-based Management Directory on the Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction Projects in 2018, the Chinese government established a system to appraise the environmental impact of construction projects and classify the appraisal based on the degree of environmental impact caused by such construction project. As of the date of this prospectus, we and our subsidiaries have compiled environmental impact assessment documents in accordance with relevant rules and regulations and have been approved by the authorities.

Legal Regulations on Intellectual Property in the PRC

Copyright

Pursuant to the Copyright Law of the PRC, which was first promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on September 7, 1990 and became effective from June 1, 1991, and was last amended on February 26, 2010 and became effective as of April 1, 2010, copyrights include personal rights such as the right of publication and that of attribution as well as property rights such as the right of production and that of distribution. Reproducing, distributing, performing, projecting, broadcasting or compiling a work or communicating the same to the public via an information network without permission from the owner of the copyright therein, unless otherwise provided in the Copyright Law of the PRC, constitute infringements of copyrights.

Trademark

Pursuant to the Trademark Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 23, 1982 and became effective from March 1, 1983, and was most recently amended on August 30, 2013 and became effective on May 1, 2014, the right to exclusive use of a registered trademark shall be limited to trademarks which have been approved for registration and to goods for which the use of such trademark has been approved. The period of validity of a registered trademark shall be ten years, counted from the day the registration is approved. According to this law, using a trademark that is identical to or similar to a registered trademark in connection with the same or similar goods without the authorization of the owner of the registered trademark constitutes an infringement of the exclusive right to use a registered trademark.

Patent

Pursuant to the Patent Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on March 12, 1984 and became effective from April 1, 1985, and was most recently amended on December 27, 2008, and was most recently amended on December 27, 2008 and became effective on October 1, 2009, after the grant of the patent right for an invention or utility model, except where otherwise provided for in the Patent Law, no entity or individual may, without the authorization of the patent owner, exploit the patent, that is, make, use, offer to sell, sell or import the patented product, or use the patented process, or use, offer to sell, sell or import any product which is a direct result of the use of the patented process, for production or business purposes. And after a patent right is granted for a design, no entity or individual shall, without the permission of the patent owner, exploit the patent, that is, for production or business purposes, manufacture, offer to sell, sell, or import any product containing the patented design.

Domain Name

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Names of China, which was recently amended by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on August 24, 2017 and became effective on November 1, 2017, "domain name" shall refer to the character mark of hierarchical structure, which identifies and locates a computer on the internet and corresponds to the internet protocol (IP) address of that computer. And the principle of "first come, first serve" is followed for the domain name registration service. After completing the domain name registration, the applicant becomes the holder of the domain name registered by him/it. Furthermore, the holder shall pay operation fees for registered domain names on schedule. If the domain name holder fails to pay the corresponding fees as required, the original domain name registrar shall write it off and notify the holder of the domain name in written form. We have paid the corresponding fees for our domain name as required, and the service period is until July 29, 2020.

Legal Regulations on Labor Protection in the PRC

According to the Labor Law of the PRC, or the Labor Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on July 5, 1994, came into effect on January 1, 1995, and was most recently amended on December 29, 2018, an employer shall develop and improve its rules and regulations to safeguard the rights of its workers. An employer shall develop and improve its labor safety and health system, stringently implement national protocols and standards on labor safety and health, conduct labor safety and health education for workers, guard against labor accidents and reduce occupational hazards. Labor safety and health facilities must comply with relevant national standards. An employer must provide workers with the necessary labor protection gear that complies with labor safety and health conditions stipulated under national regulations, as well as provide regular health checks for workers that are engaged in operations with occupational hazards. Laborers engaged in special operations shall have received specialized training and have obtained the pertinent qualifications. An employer shall develop a vocational training system. Vocational training funds shall be set aside and used in accordance with national regulations and vocational training for workers shall be carried out systematically based on the actual conditions of the company. 

The Labor Contract Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on June 29, 2007, came into effect on January 1, 2008, and was amended on December 28, 2012 and became effective as of July 1, 2013, and the Implementation Regulations on Labor Contract Law, which was promulgated on September 18, 2008, and became effective since the same day, regulate both parties through a labor contract, namely the employer and the employee, and contain specific provisions involving the terms of the labor contract. It is stipulated under the Labor Contract Law and the Implementation Regulations on Labor Contract Law that a labor contract must be made in writing. An employer and an employee may enter into a fixed-term labor contract, an un-fixed term labor contract, or a labor contract that concludes upon the completion of certain work assignments, after reaching agreement upon due negotiations. An employer may legally terminate a labor contract and dismiss its employees after reaching agreement upon due negotiations with the employee or by fulfilling the statutory conditions. Labor contracts concluded prior to the enactment of the Labor Law and subsisting within the validity period thereof shall continue to be honored. With respect to a circumstance where a labor relationship has already been established but no formal written contract has been made, a written labor contract shall be entered into within one month from the commencement date of the employment.

According to the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums, the Regulations on Work Injury Insurance, the Regulations on Unemployment Insurance and the Trial Measures on Employee Maternity Insurance of Enterprises, enterprises in the PRC shall provide benefit plans for their employees, which include basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work injury insurance and basic medical insurance. An enterprise must provide social insurance by processing social insurance registration with local social insurance agencies, and shall pay or withhold relevant social insurance premiums for or on behalf of employees. The Law on Social Insurance of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 28, 2010, and became effective on July 1, 2011, and was most recently updated on December 29, 2018, has consolidated pertinent provisions for basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work injury insurance and basic medical insurance, and has elaborated in detail the legal obligations and liabilities of employers who do not comply with relevant laws and regulations on social insurance.

According to the Interim Measures for Participation in the Social Insurance System by Foreigners Working within the Territory of China, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on September 6, 2011, and became effective on October 15, 2011, employers who employ foreigners shall participate in the basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, basic medical insurance, occupational injury insurance, and maternity leave insurance in accordance with the relevant law, with the social insurance premiums to be contributed respectively by the employers and foreigner employees as required. In accordance with such Interim Measures, the social insurance administrative agencies shall exercise their right to supervise and examine the legal compliance of foreign employees and employers and the employers who do not pay social insurance premiums in conformity with the laws shall be subject to the administrative provisions provided in the Social Insurance Law and the relevant regulations and rules mentioned above.

According to the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Provident Fund, which was promulgated by the State Counsel and became effective on April 3, 1999, and was amended on March 24, 2002 and was partially revised on March 24, 2019 by Decision of the State Council on Revising Some Administrative Regulations (Decree No. 710 of the State Council), housing provident fund contributions by an individual employee and housing provident fund contributions by his or her employer shall belong to the individual employee. Registration by PRC companies at the applicable housing provident fund management center is compulsory and a special housing provident fund account for each of the employees shall be opened at an entrusted bank.

The employer shall timely pay up and deposit housing provident fund contributions in full amount and late or insufficient payments shall be prohibited. The employer shall process housing provident fund payment and deposit registrations with the housing provident fund administration center. With respect to companies who violate the above regulations and fail to process housing provident fund payment and deposit registrations or open housing provident fund accounts for their employees, such companies shall be ordered by the housing provident fund administration center to complete such procedures within a designated period. Those who fail to process their registrations within the designated period shall be subject to a fine ranging from RMB 10,000 ($1,456.66) to RMB 50,000 ($7,283.32). When companies breach these regulations and fail to pay up housing provident fund contributions in full amount as due, the housing provident fund administration center shall order such companies to pay up within a designated period, and may further apply to the People's Court for mandatory enforcement against those who still fail to comply after the expiry of such period.  

As of September 30, 2019, Shenzhen CDT and its subsidiaries failed to pay social insurance premiums in full and on time for 113 employees. According to the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums, because Shenzhen CDT and its subsidiaries did not pay the social insurance premiums in full for all employees, premium collection agencies may order them to pay or make up the arrears and may impose an overdue fine. If Shenzhen CDT fails to pay such overdue fine, they may be further fined.

As of September 30, 2019, Shenzhen CDT and its subsidiaries failed to pay the housing provident fund for 175 employees. According to the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Provident Fund, due to the failure to pay the housing provident fund for all employees, Shenzhen CDT may be ordered with a deadline for payment from the Housing Provident Fund Management Center. In addition, if Shenzhen CDT does not make the housing accumulation fund deposit registration or does not establish the housing provident fund account for the employees, the housing provident fund management center will order a deadline for payment, and if Shenzhen CDT fails to pay the housing provident fund within the deadline, it will be imposed a fine of not less than RMB 10,000 ($1,456.66) and not more than RMB 50,000 ($7,283.32).

Legal Regulations on Tax in the PRC

Income Tax

In January 2008, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law took effect, which was last amended by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 29, 2018. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law applies a uniform 25 percent enterprise income tax rate to both FIEs and domestic enterprises, except where tax incentives are granted to special industries and projects. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law defines “resident enterprise” as an enterprise established outside of the territory of China but with its “de facto management body” within China, which will also be subject to the 25% enterprise income tax rate. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts, and properties of an enterprise. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations, dividends generated from the business of a PRC subsidiary after January 1, 2008, and payable to its foreign investor may be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10 percent if the PRC tax authorities determine that the foreign investor is a Non-resident Enterprise, unless there is a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding tax rate. Distributions of earnings generated before January 1, 2008, are exempt from PRC withholding tax.

In January 2009, the SAT promulgated the Provisional Measures for the Administration of Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises, or the Non-resident Enterprises Measures, which was repealed by Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises in December 2017. According to the new announcement, it shall apply to handling of matters relating to withholding at source of income tax of non-resident enterprises pursuant to the provisions of Article 37, Article 39 and Article 40 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law. According to Article 37, Article 39 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, income tax over non-resident enterprise income pursuant to the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 3 shall be subject to withholding at the source, where the payer shall act as the withholding agent. The tax amount for each payment made or due shall be withheld by the withholding agent from the amount paid or payable. Where a withholding agent fails to withhold tax or perform tax withholding obligations pursuant to the provisions of Article 37, the taxpayer shall pay tax at the place where the income is derived. Where the taxpayer fails to pay tax pursuant to law, the tax authorities may demand payment of the tax amount payable, from a payer of the taxpayer with payable tax amounts from other taxable income items in China.

On April 30, 2009, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued the Circular on Issues Concerning Treatment of Enterprise Income Tax in Enterprise Restructuring Business, or Circular 59, which became effective retroactively as of January 1, 2008 and was partially revised on January 1, 2014. By promulgating and implementing this circular, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise by a Non-resident Enterprise.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Relating to Enterprise Income Tax of Transfers of Assets between Non-resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which was partially abolished on December 29, 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment, and placement in China, of a foreign company through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. SAT Bulletin 7 also addresses transfer of the equity interest in a foreign intermediate holding company broadly. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to assess whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file or withhold the PRC tax accordingly.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was revised on June 15, 2018. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

If non-resident investors were involved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and be taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to establish that we should not be held liable for any obligations under SAT Bulletin 7.

Value-Added Tax

According to the Temporary Regulations on Value-added Tax, which was most recently amended on November 19, 2017, and the Detailed Implementing Rules of the Temporary Regulations on Value-added Tax, which was amended on October 28, 2011, and became effective on November 1, 2011, all taxpayers selling goods, providing processing, repair or replacement services or importing goods within the PRC shall pay Value-Added Tax. The tax rate of 17 percent shall be levied on general taxpayers selling or importing various goods; the tax rate of 17 percent shall be levied on the taxpayers providing processing, repairing or replacement service; the applicable rate for the export of goods by taxpayers shall be nil, unless otherwise stipulated. On April 4, 2018, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issued the Notice of Adjustment of Value-added Tax Rates which declared that the VAT tax rate in regard to the sale of goods, provision of processing, repairs and replacement services and importation of goods into China shall be reduced from the previous 17% to 16% from May 1, 2018. 

Furthermore, according to the Trial Scheme for the Conversion of Business Tax to Value-added Tax, which was promulgated by the MOF and the SAT, the PRC began to launch taxation reforms in a gradual manner in January 1, 2012, whereby the collection of value-added tax in lieu of business tax items was implemented on a trial basis in regions showing significant radiating effects in economic development and providing outstanding reform examples, beginning with production service industries such as transportation and certain modern service industries.

In accordance with a SAT circular that took effect on May 1, 2016, upon approval of the State Council, the pilot program of the collection of value-added tax in lieu of business tax shall be promoted nationwide in a comprehensive manner starting May 1, 2016, and all taxpayers of business tax engaged in the building industry, the real estate industry, the financial industry and the life service industry shall be included in the scope of the pilot program with regard to payment of value-added tax instead of business tax. Our main business, the water treatment equipment manufacturing business, is included in the scope of the pilot program with regard to payment of value-added tax instead of business tax.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange

Foreign Currency Exchange

Pursuant to the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, as amended, and various regulations issued by SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, Renminbi is freely convertible to the extent of current account items, such as trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, unless expressly exempted by laws and regulations, still require prior approval from SAFE or its provincial branch for conversion of Renminbi into a foreign currency, such as U.S. dollars, and remittance of the foreign currency outside of the PRC. Payments for transactions that take place within the PRC must be made in Renminbi. Foreign currency revenues received by PRC companies may be repatriated into China or retained outside of China in accordance with requirements and terms specified by SAFE.

Dividend Distribution

Wholly foreign-owned enterprises and Sino-foreign equity joint ventures in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, these FIEs may not pay dividends unless they set aside at least 10 percent of their respective accumulated profits after tax each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, until such time as the accumulative amount of such fund reaches 50 percent of the enterprise's registered capital. In addition, these companies also may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to employee welfare and bonus funds at their discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

Circular 37, issued by SAFE and effective on July 4, 2014, regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of SPVs by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing and conduct round trip investment in China. Under Circular 37, a SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate domestic or offshore assets or interests, while "round trip investment" refers to the direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing FIEs to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. Circular 37 requires that, before making contribution into a SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with the SAFE or its local branch. SAFE Circular 37 further provides that option or share-based incentive tool holders of a non-listed SPV can exercise the options or share incentive tools to become a shareholder of such non-listed SPV, subject to registration with SAFE or its local branch.  

PRC residents or entities who have contributed legitimate domestic or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but have yet to obtain SAFE registration before the implementation of the Circular 37 shall register their ownership interests or control in such SPVs with SAFE or its local branch. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change in the registered SPV, such as any change of basic information (including change of such PRC "resident's name" and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amounts, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 37, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of a FIE that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant FIEs, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. On February 13, 2015, SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This SAFE Circular 13 has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

As of September 30, 2019, there were three domestic natural persons, our shareholders, that had not registered according to SAFE Circular 37, and Yunwu Li, our director and chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Shenzhen CDT, had not completed the change registration and was in the process of registration.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated Circular 19, which came into effect on June 1, 2015. According to Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital of FIEs shall be subject to the Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement. The Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement refers to the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of a FIE for which the rights and interests of monetary contribution has been confirmed by the local foreign exchange bureau (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operational needs of the FIE. The proportion of Discretional Foreign Exchange Settlement of the foreign exchange capital of a FIE is temporarily determined to be 100%. The Renminbi converted from the foreign exchange capital will be kept in a designated account and if a FIE needs to make further payment from such account, it still needs to provide supporting documents and go through the review process with the banks.

SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or Circular 16, on June 9, 2016, which became effective simultaneously. Pursuant to Circular 16, enterprises registered in the PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to Renminbi on a discretionary basis. Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on a discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. Circular 16 reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC laws or regulations, while such converted Renminbi shall not be provided as loans to its non-affiliated entities. As Circular 16 is newly issued and SAFE has not provided detailed guidelines with respect to its interpretation or implementations, it is uncertain how these rules will be interpreted and implemented.

Regulations on loans to and direct investment in the PRC entities by offshore holding companies

According to the Implementation Rules for the Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt promulgated by SAFE on September 24, 1997 and the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts promulgated by SAFE, the NDRC and the MOF and effective from March 1, 2003, loans by foreign companies to their subsidiaries in China, which accordingly are FIEs, are considered foreign debt, and such loans must be registered with the local branches of the SAFE. Under the provisions, the total amount of accumulated medium-term and long-term foreign debt and the balance of short-term debt borrowed by a FIE is limited to the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign- invested enterprise.

On January 12, 2017, the People's Bank of China promulgated the Circular of the People's Bank of China on Matters relating to the Macro-prudential Management of Comprehensive Cross-border Financing, or PBOC Circular 9, which took effect on the same date. The PBOC Circular 9 established a capital or net assets-based constraint mechanism for cross-border financing. Under such mechanism, a company may carry out cross-border financing in Renminbi or foreign currencies at their own discretion. The total cross-border financing of a company shall be calculated using a risk-weighted approach and shall not exceed an upper limit. The upper limit is calculated as capital or assets multiplied by a cross-border financing leverage ratio and multiplied by a macro-prudential regulation parameter. 

In addition, according to PBOC Circular 9, as of the date of the promulgation of PBOC Circular 9, a transition period of one year is set for foreign-invested enterprises and during such transition period, FIEs may apply either the current cross-border financing management mode, namely the mode provided by Implementation Rules for the Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt and the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts, or the mode in this PBOC Circular 9 at its sole discretion. After the end of the transition period, the cross-border financing management mode for FIEs will be determined by the People's Bank of China and SAFE after assessment based on the overall implementation of this PBOC Circular 9.

According to applicable PRC regulations on FIEs, capital contributions from a foreign holding company to its PRC subsidiaries, which are considered FIEs, may only be made when approval by or registration with the MOFCOM or its local counterpart is obtained.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment

The Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are governed by the Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Catalogue, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by the MOFCOM and the NDRC. The latest version of the Catalogue became effective on July 30, 2019. The Guidance Catalogue stipulates restricted industries for foreign investment. The Negative List stipulates the prohibited and restricted industries for foreign investment. The Encouragement Catalogue stipulates the encouraged industries for foreign investment. The purpose of the Catalogue is to direct foreign investment into certain priority industry sectors while restricting or prohibiting investment in other sectors. If the investment falls within the “encouraged” category, foreign investment can be conducted through the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise. If the investment falls within the “restricted” category, foreign investment may be conducted through the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise if certain requirements are met or in some cases must be conducted through the establishment of a joint venture enterprise, with varying minimum shareholdings for the Chinese party, depending on the particular industry. If the investment falls within the “prohibited” category, foreign investment of any kind is not allowed. Any investment that occurs within an industry not falling into any of three categories is classified as a permitted industry for foreign investment.

The Foreign Investment Law

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which will take effect on January 1, 2020 and replace three existing laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the PRC Equity Joint Venture Law, the PRC Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic invested enterprises in China. The Foreign Investment Law establishes the basic framework for the access to, and the promotion, protection and administration of foreign investments in view of investment protection and fair competition.

According to the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by one or more natural persons, business entities, or otherwise organizations of a foreign country (collectively referred to as “foreign investor”) within China, and the investment activities include the following situations: (i) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within China; (ii) a foreign investor acquires stock shares, equity shares, shares in assets, or other like rights and interests of an enterprise within China; (iii) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, invests in a new project within China; and (iv) investments in other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations, or the State Council.

According to the Foreign Investment Law, the State Council will publish or approve to publish the “negative list” for special administrative measures concerning foreign investment. The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, or FIEs, except for those FIEs that operate in industries deemed to be either “restricted” or “prohibited” in the “negative list”. Because the “negative list” has yet to be published, it is unclear whether it will differ from the current Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List). The Foreign Investment Law provides that FIEs operating in foreign restricted or prohibited industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC governmental authorities. If a foreign investor is found to invest in any prohibited industry in the “negative list”, such foreign investor may be required to, among other aspects, cease its investment activities, dispose of its equity interests or assets within a prescribed time limit and have its income confiscated. If the investment activity of a foreign investor is in breach of any special administrative measure for restrictive access provided for in the “negative list”, the relevant competent department shall order the foreign investor to make corrections and take necessary measures to meet the requirements of the special administrative measure for restrictive access.  

Negative List of Special Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment and Encouragement Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment were issued on June 30, 2019 and became effective on July 30, 2019. According to the Negative List and the Encouragement Catalogue, we are not operating in any restricted industries or prohibited industries - we are operating in an encouraged industry.

Besides, the PRC government will establish a foreign investment information reporting system, according to which foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information to the competent department for commerce concerned through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system, and a security review system under which the security review shall be conducted for foreign investment affecting or likely affecting the state security.

Furthermore, the Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment may maintain their structure and corporate governance within five years after the implementing of the Foreign Investment Law.

In addition, the Foreign Investment Law also provides several protective rules and principles for foreign investors and their investments in the PRC, including, among others, that a foreign investor may freely transfer into or out of China, in Renminbi or a foreign currency, its contributions, profits, capital gains, income from disposition of assets, royalties of intellectual property rights, indemnity or compensation lawfully acquired, and income from liquidation, among others, within China; local governments shall abide by their commitments to the foreign investors; governments at all levels and their departments shall enact local normative documents concerning foreign investment in compliance with laws and regulations and shall not impair legitimate rights and interests, impose additional obligations onto FIEs, set market access restrictions and exit conditions, or intervene with the normal production and operation activities of FIEs; except for special circumstances, in which case statutory procedures shall be followed and fair and reasonable compensation shall be made in a timely manner, expropriation or requisition of the investment of foreign investors is prohibited; and mandatory technology transfer is prohibited. 

Company Law

Pursuant to the PRC Company Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December, 29 1993, effective as of July 1, 1994, and as revised on December 25, 1999, August 28, 2004, October 27, 2005, December 28, 2013 and October 26, 2018, the establishment, operation and management of corporate entities in the PRC are governed by the PRC Company Law. The PRC Company Law defines two types of companies: limited liability companies and limited stock companies.

Our PRC operating subsidiary is a limited liability company. Unless otherwise stipulated in the related laws on foreign investment, foreign invested companies are also required to comply with the provisions of the PRC Company Law.

Laws and Regulations on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests

Business operators in the business of supplying and selling manufactured goods or services to consumers, shall comply with the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, or the Consumer Rights Protection Law, promulgated by the SCNPC on October 31, 1993, and effective as of January 1, 1994, and revised on August 27, 2009 and October 25, 2013.

According to the Consumer Rights Protection Law, business operators must ensure that the goods or services provided by them meet the requirements for safeguarding personal and property safety. For goods and services that may endanger personal and property safety, consumers should be provided with a true description and an explicit warning, as well as a description and indication of the proper way to use the goods or accept the services and the methods of preventing the occurrence of a hazard. If the goods or services provided by the business operators cause personal injuries to consumers or third parties, the business operators shall compensate the injured parties for their losses.

Contract Law

All of our contracts are subject to the PRC contract law. Under PRC contract law, a natural person, legal person or other legally established organization shall have full capacity of civil right and civil conduct while entering into a contact. Except as otherwise required by other laws and regulations, the formation, validity, performance, modification, assignment, termination, and liability for breach of a contract are stipulated by PRC contract law. A contracting party who failed to perform or failed to fulfill its contractual obligation shall bear the responsibility of a continued duty to perform or to provide remedies and compensation as provided by PRC laws.  

Product Quality Law

Pursuant to Product Quality Law of the PRC, promulgated on September 1, 1993 and amended in 2000, 2009 and 2018 respectively, producing or selling products that do not meet the standards or requirements for safeguarding human health or that constitute unreasonable threats to the safety of human life or property is prohibited. Where a defective product causes physical injury to a person or damage to his/her property, the injured party may claim compensation against the manufacturer or the distributor of such product.

Where any person produces or sells products that do not comply with the relevant national or industrial standards for safeguarding human health or constitute unreasonable threats to the safety of human life or property, the relevant authority will order the specific manufacturer or distributor to suspend the production or sale of defective products, confiscate the products produced or for sale, and impose a fine in an amount of up to three times the value of the defective products. Where illegal earnings were made or were involved, the relevant earnings will be confiscated accordingly. If the breach of regulation is serious, the business license of the relevant manufacturer and distributor may be revoked. If the relevant activities constitute a crime, the offender may be prosecuted.

PRC Laws and Regulations Relating to Advertising Business

The State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAI, is the primary governmental authority regulating advertising activities in China. The Advertisement Law of the PRC, which was most recently amended on October 26, 2018, the Administrative Regulations for Advertising, effective as of December 1, 1987, and the Administrative Provisions on Registration of Publishing of Advertisements, effective as of December 1, 2016, are the relevant regulations that apply to advertising businesses.

According to the above laws, regulations and rules, a company engaged in advertising activities must obtain, from the SAIC or its local branches, a business license that specifically includes operating an advertising business in its business scope. Failure to do so may lead to orders to rectify, fines and other penalties. An enterprise engaging in advertising not need to apply for registration of releasing advertisement, provided that such enterprise is not a radio station, television station, newspaper or magazine publisher or any other entity otherwise specified in the relevant laws or regulations. A radio station, television station, newspaper, magazine publisher or any other entity otherwise specified in the relevant laws or regulations may be subject to penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income and orders to rectify if it conducts advertising releasing activities without completing the required registration. The business license of an advertising company is valid for the duration of its existence, unless the license is suspended or revoked due to a violation of any relevant laws or regulations. Foreign investors are permitted to own all equity interests in PRC advertising companies.

Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China

Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China was passed by the fifth session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, and revised on November 4, 2017. This law is formulated for the purposes of developing socialist commodity economy, promoting scientific and technological advancement, improving the quality of products, adapting standardization work to the need for socialist modernization and external economic relationship development. This law applies to industrial products.

Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Certification and Accreditation

Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Certification and Accreditation became effective as of September 3, 2003, and was later revised on February 6, 2016. This regulation is formulated for the purposes of standardizing certification and accreditation, improving the quality of products and services and management standard. This regulation applies to all certification agencies, certification services and accreditation services in the PRC.

MANAGEMENT

Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this prospectus. Unless otherwise stated, the business address for our directors and executive officers is that of our principal executive offices located at C1, 4th Floor, Building 1, Financial Base, No. 8 Kefa Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China 518057.

Yunwu Li has served as our director since November 2016 and as chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., our subsidiary, since June 2015. From March 2007 to May 2015, Mr. Li served as chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Beijing Xinyuan Shidai Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., a company that develops and manages large scale real estate projects in China. Mr. Li is also the director of CDT Environmental Technology Holdings Limited, one of our principal shareholders. Mr. Li received his MBA degree from The Open University of Hong Kong. We believe Mr. Li’s extensive experience qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

None of the events listed in Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K has occurred during the past ten years that is material to the evaluation of the ability or integrity of any of our directors or executive officers.

We intend to appoint a principal executive officer and a principal financial and accounting officer prior to the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Employment Agreements, Director Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We intend to enter into employment agreements with each of our executive officers, pursuant to which such individuals will agree to serve as our executive officers.

We intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors. Under these agreements, we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

We intend to enter into director agreements with each of our directors which agreements will set forth the terms and provisions of their engagement. 

Board of Directors

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our board of directors has the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

Under Cayman Islands law, all of our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of our directors is breached. You should refer to “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents — Comparison of Cayman Islands Corporate Law and U.S. Corporate Law” for additional information on the standard of corporate governance under Cayman Islands law.

Composition of our Board of Directors

Our board of directors currently consists of one director. Prior to completion of this offering, we intend to expand our board of directors, and our board of directors will be composed of a majority of independent directors.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between our directors or executive officers.

Committees of our Board of Directors

Prior to completion of this offering, our board of directors will establish an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nomination and governance committee, which will have the responsibilities and authority necessary to comply with applicable Nasdaq and SEC rules. Prior to the completion of this offering, the composition of these committees will meet the criteria for independence under, and the functioning of these committees will comply with the applicable requirements of the Nasdaq and SEC. We intend to comply with future requirements as they become applicable to us.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee members will satisfy the independence requirements of the Nasdaq rules and the independence standards of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee members will satisfy the independence requirements of the Nasdaq rules and the independence standards of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The compensation committee will be responsible for overseeing and making recommendations to our board of our directors regarding the salaries and other compensation of our executive officers and general employees and providing assistance and recommendations with respect to our compensation policies and practices. 

Nomination and Governance Committee

Our nomination and governance committee members will satisfy the independence requirements of the Nasdaq rules and the independence standards of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The nomination and governance committee will be responsible for identifying and proposing new potential director nominees to the board of directors for consideration and for reviewing our corporate governance policies.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

In connection with this offering, we intend to adopt a code of business conduct and ethics, which will be applicable to all of our directors, executive officers and employees and will be publicly available.

Foreign Private Issuer Exemption

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as defined by the SEC. As a result, in accordance with the rules and regulations of Nasdaq, we may choose to comply with home country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than complying with Nasdaq corporate governance standards. We may choose to take advantage of the following exemptions afforded to foreign private issuers:

Furthermore, Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) provides that a foreign private issuer, such as us, may rely on our home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain of the rules in the Nasdaq Rule 5600 Series and Rule 5250(d), provided that we nevertheless comply with Nasdaq's Notification of Noncompliance requirement (Rule 5625), the Voting Rights requirement (Rule 5640) and that we have an audit committee that satisfies Rule 5605(c)(3), consisting of committee members that meet the independence requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii). If we rely on our home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain of the rules of Nasdaq, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. If we choose to do so, we may utilize these exemptions for as long as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer.

Although we are permitted to follow certain corporate governance rules that conform to Cayman Island requirements in lieu of many of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we intend to comply with the Nasdaq corporate governance rules applicable to foreign private issuers.

Other Corporate Governance Matters

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as related rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, requires foreign private issuers, including us, to comply with various corporate governance practices. In addition, Nasdaq rules provide that foreign private issuers may follow home country practice in lieu of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, subject to certain exceptions and except to the extent that such exemptions would be contrary to U.S. federal securities laws.

Because we are a foreign private issuer, our members of our board of directors, executive board members and senior management are not subject to short-swing profit and insider trading reporting obligations under section 16 of the Exchange Act. They will, however, be subject to the obligations to report changes in share ownership under section 13 of the Exchange Act and related SEC rules.

Compensation of Director and Executive Officers

For the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid an aggregate of RMB 305,767.60 ($44,540) in cash to our directors and executive officers.

We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and executive officers. Our subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

Equity Awards

We have not granted any equity awards to our directors or executive officers during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Incentive Compensation

We do not maintain any cash incentive or bonus programs and did not maintain any such programs during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

2018 Director and Executive Officer Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation paid to our directors and our executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Mr. Li received RMB 305,767.60 ($44,540) for his service as chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd.

Employees

As of September 30, 2019, we had 209 employees, of whom 204 were full-time employees, 5 were part-time employees and all were located in China.

None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment related work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Indemnification

In connection with this offering, we intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During the last three years, we have engaged in the following transactions with our directors, officers, holders of more than 5% of our outstanding shares and other affiliates, which we refer to as our related parties:

As of June 30, 2019, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, certain employees of our subsidiaries owed $412,812, $340,191 and $284,920, respectively, to us as a result of employee advances, as set forth below. These amounts are included in the consolidated financial statements as employee advances - related parties. See Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.